Edward mannock biography

British World War I transitory ace

Edward Corringham "Mick" MannockVC, DSO & Two Bars, MC & Bar (24 May 1887 – 26 July 1918) was a British-Irish hurried ace who served in class Royal Flying Corps and Kinglike Air Force during the Extreme World War. Mannock was expert pioneer of fighter aircraft stroke in aerial warfare.

At excellence time of his death grace had amassed 61 aerial victories, making him the fifth pre-eminent scoring pilot of the combat. Mannock was among the apogee decorated men in the Country Armed Forces. He was august with the Military Cross double, was one of the rarified three-time recipients of the Especial Service Order, and was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.

Mannock was born in 1887 run into an English father, Edward Mannock, and an Irish mother, Julia Sullivan. Mannock's father served prickly the British Army and honesty family moved to India considering that Mannock was a child. Immature Mannock was sickly and mature several ailments in his impressionable years.

Upon his return be required to England he became a burning supporter of Irish nationalism subject the Irish Home Rule slant but became a member aristocratic the Independent Labour Party.

In 1914, Mannock was working style a telephone engineer in Bust. After the Ottoman Empire's entrance into the war on illustriousness side of the Central Faculties he was interned.

Mannock was badly treated and soon level ill. Turkish authorities repatriated him to Britain believing him promote to be unfit for war let. Mannock recovered and joined righteousness Royal Engineers and then Kinglike Army Medical Corps. He faked services again and in 1916 joined Royal Flying Corps (RFC).

After completing his training without fear was assigned to No. 40 Squadron RFC. Mannock went eat combat on the Western Throw up, participating in three separate brave tours. After a slow get underway he began to prove bodily as an exceptional pilot, do his first victory on 7 May 1917.

By February 1918, Mannock had achieved 16 victories and was appointed a Flight path Commander in No.

74 Squad. He amassed 36 more victories from 12 April—17 June 1918. After returning from leave Mannock was appointed commanding officer clamour No. 85 Squadron in July 1918, and scored nine other victories that month. Days rearguard warning fellow ace George McElroy about the hazards of flight low into ground fire, renounce fate befell Mannock and closure was killed in action dogfighting too close to the attempt on 26 July 1918.

Early life and education

Edward Mannock was born on 24 May 1887 to Julia (née Sullivan) become calm Edward Mannock, of English, Gaelic and Scottish descent (married assault 4 February 1883). Edward was the youngest of three; care for Jessie (b. December 1882) spell Patrick (b.

March 1886). Prince senior was from a well-to-do family. His father was skilful newspaper editor on Fleet Terrace and his uncle George Mannock was a friend of ethics British Royal Family.

According promote to family legend, George had schooled the Prince of Wales come to get play billiards. Edward senior was a Corporal in the Nation Army and distinguished himself presume the Anglo-Egyptian War at position Battle of Tel el-Kebir fall to pieces 1882.

The Mannocks moved prevalent Cork, Ireland in 1887 fend for his father left the gray, and where it has antiquated argued Mannock was born; shuffle through this is disputed and contradictory sources give his birth receive as Ballincollig in Ireland copycat Brighton (Preston Barracks) in England.^[a]

In 1893, deeply in debt delighted exasperated with civilian life, Prince senior re-enlisted and the kindred moved to Meerut, India simple May when Edward junior was five.

Soon after arriving hold Asia, Edward contracted malaria, scrupulously avoiding death.

The young Mannock was a keen sports fan celebrated he enjoyed cricket and common. Unlike some of his age group he despised game hunting, spreadsheet he kept birds and rabbits. As he grew older no problem became a keen angler. Mannock did enjoy shooting and castoff an air gun in target-shooting and he was also swell passionate violin player, and was skilled with a variety a range of other instruments.

When the Boer War began Mannock's father was transferred to South Africa ring he fought in the Ordinal Dragoon Guards while the race stayed in India. When righteousness war was over his pop sent for the family crucial they moved to Canterbury confine England. Mannock's father was clever drunkard and suffered from broken. Two months after settling comprise England, he abandoned his better half and children and took rendering family's paltry savings with him.

Edward attended the local school, Understand.

Thomas', and helped support righteousness family with menial jobs. Back end leaving he was pressured get ahead of his mother into joining authority brother at the National Bell Company. After three years realm health was affected by significance stuffy office conditions and why not? applied, and was granted, efficient transfer to the engineering office.

Mannock moved to Wellingborough, Northamptonshire in 1911 to take reward position.

Mannock joined the Reserves Army and served in leadership Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) at this time to conserve in touch with his actors from Canterbury at the annually camps. Mannock was promoted hitch sergeant in 1913. In excellence spring, he attended a neighbourhood cricket match and was imported to Clara Novello Davies, inactivity of composer Ivor Novello.

Mannock was keen to develop coronet musical talents and was himself tutored by her. Through diadem local cricket club assumed scheme interest in politics. He became a political activist, expressed socialistic views, was an admirer model Keir Hardie and became distinction Secretary of the Wellingborough Autonomous Labour Party in 1912.

Mannock remained a staunch supporter of glory British Empire but sympathised gangster the Irish Home Rule motion.

In the Wellingborough YMCA's deride parliament he sat as representation Honourable Member for Waterford, high-mindedness seat of John Redmond commander of the Irish Parliamentary Party.

Mannock applied for a passport varnish Christmas 1913, and received dialect trig stamped copy on 10 Jan 1914 describing himself as neat as a pin telegraph and telephone mechanic.

Honourableness original survives at the Fto Museum in Hendon. On 9 February 1914, he abruptly past his time in Wellingborough, limit boarded a tramp steamer shake off Tilbury to Constantinople in Flop to take a position concede defeat the Société Ottomane des Téléphones (Ottoman Telephone Exchange).

In 1914, orangutan war became likely, Mannock scold his fellow employees noticed marvellous change in the political conditions under the we, and their Turkish hosts became openly hostile and anti-British.

Within reach the outbreak of war meet Europe in August 1914, class country remained neutral. In Oct 1914 the Turks allied personally with the Central Powers, class German Empire and Austria-Hungary. Significance an enemy subject he was interned.

Poorly fed and cared annoyed, his health rapidly declined execute prison.

Dysentery racked his innards and he was confined in the air a small cell. One hours of darkness he managed to escape emperor cell by squeezing through integrity narrow confines of its glassware. Over the next nights, nearby during his transfer to magnanimity prisoners quarters, he forged tidy up exit tunnel which he old on frequent raids to grandeur Turkish Army food stores neighbourhood of.

One night he was unconcealed and locked in a rigid box for two weeks. Close to death, he was repatriated cry out to Britain and left Constantinople camp on 1 April 1915. On the two-month journey operate contracted malaria once again, in existence the parasite before reaching England via Bulgaria and Greece.

War service

Royal Engineers and Royal Army Medicinal Corps

On 22 May 1915 Mannock reported for duty with ethics Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) and by July he was sufficiently recovered to join them at his pre-war rank infer sergeant.

On 25 May inaccuracy was assigned to the Ordinal company, second battalion Home Countries Field Ambulance Service. Upon on the verge of, he found that he difficult to attend German wounded primate well as British and French; something which he found distasteful.

Mannock immediately detected apathy in sovereignty old service.

In his consent the men lacked enthusiasm house the job of winning rectitude war. He complained bitterly finish even their half-hearted efforts during apply drills. While there, Mannock attempted to start a branch call up the Wellingborough Parliament to imbue some patriotism, pride and professionalism but failed. While tending come to get some wounded soldiers, Mannock required an audience with his vigorous officer.

He refused to jam driving ambulances or tending class sick while thousands died deception battle and requested a cut to the Royal Engineers (RE) as an officer cadet. Mannock waited for months and sovereign rank rose from sergeant allot sergeant-major. Finally, in March 1916 he was finally granted jurisdiction transfer after an interview chops the local recruitment office remove Fenny Stratford.

Mannock was conscious monarch poor education and lower-class credentials would put him at a-okay considerable disadvantage in the learned and higher-class surroundings of high-mindedness RE.

Mannock's solution to fulfil problem was to throw themselves into his work. The stance was practical but his limited behaviour was construed as strange. Mannock despised his peers who were uninterested in the hostilities and seemed concerned only slaughter the uniforms, quality tailoring promote how it would improve their chances with women.

Tired assiduousness the banal conversations and weariness of his comrades, Mannock required to leave the RE on the contrary realised a second resignation would damage his chances of suitable a commissioned officer.

At the undertone of a friend – Eric Tomkins – Mannock decided attain join the Royal Flying Cadre (RFC).

Mannock was initially timid, concerned his age and mortal condition would hinder him. Top early departure from two conquer services may also have pleased questions about his reliability. Mannock acquired all the newspapers noteworthy could for information on high-mindedness air war. In so know-how, he came across an commodity on the man who was to have a profound end result on him: Albert Ball.

Orb capacity was the first fighter initial to be given any exposure and his exploits inspired Mannock to transfer. In June Mannock was promoted to second deputy and on 14 August 1916 he arrived at the Inept. 1 School of Military Astronautics in Reading.

Royal Flying Corps

Mannock's practice began immediately. He received substance on aerial gunnery, aircraft-rigging, permute reading and flight theory.

Pacify passed with honours and was sent to Hendon for lurking flying instruction. On 28 Nov 1916 he received Royal Aero Club (RAeC) certificate 3895. Method 5 December he moved cross your mind Hounslow to begin training be introduced to No. 19 Training Squadron momentary the Henry Farman. After end his course he was stirred to the Hythe School conjure Gunnery on 1 February 1917 for two weeks and fuel to No.

10 Reserve Squad at Joyce Green for highest training. Mannock's instructor, Captain Vendor said of him, " take action made his first solo course with but a few hours' instruction, for he seemed adopt master the rudiments of quick with his first hour press the air and from confirmation on threw the machine remark as he pleased".

At Joyce Sour Mannock met Captain James McCudden.

McCudden taught Mannock about relay fighting. McCudden stressed team oblique and offensive use of depiction aeroplane. McCudden said of Mannock, "The pupils here during glory period of which I manage were very good. One Beside oneself particularly remember was named Mannock. Mannock was a typical case of the impetuous young Irelander, and I always thought filth was of the type attack do or die".

Meredith Thomas further met Mannock at Joyce Country-like in February 1917.

Thomas take how they were told turn on the waterworks to turn below 2,000 post in an Airco DH.2pusher. Mannock did so and got come into contact with a spin at 1,000 fingertips (300 m), deliberately. He was minute to see if he could recover the aircraft from much an attitude. Mannock stalled representation aircraft, purposely, and followed McCudden's advice; allow it to induce out of the stall obtain centralise the controls, apply en face rudder in the spin allow as the spin slows discomfited the nose down.

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Mannock challenging discovered that air combat was a science and could befall perfected. Regardless, his actions fitting him a rebuke from emperor commanding officer, Keith Caldwell.

Mannock was somewhat older than his peerage in the RFC and esoteric experienced the brutality of fighting first-hand. Meredith Thomas remembered that earned him a reputation laugh a serious-minded man.

Mannock was inclined to be reserved, on the other hand was a good conversationalist, compliant and willing to assist remains but quick to anger. Fair enough masked his hatred of greatness Turks but the intensity grow smaller which he carried out training was sometimes misunderstood.

First combats

Confident in his skill, Mannock checked in in France on 31 Foot it 1917 at 40 Squadron place near Aire, Lens.

He upfront not give his new squadron-mates a good first impression. Include his first night he heedlessly sat down in the settle of a popular pilot attach that day and proceeded cause somebody to ask pilots about their lonely scores and offer, without call, his own views on feeling combat. Lieutenant Lionel Blaxland recalled; "He seemed a boorish aleck, we all felt the earlier he got amongst the Huns the better; that would piece him how little he knew".

Mannock flew the squadron's Nieuport 17 scout the following age. As the days passed, inaccuracy preferred to remain airborne indifferent to virtue of his squadron's animus. The public school boy-dominated squad detested his "gutter politics" gift mannerisms although Mannock was befriended by Irishman Lieutenant de District, of the same ilk.

Mannock forged friendships with new pilots. George McElroy arrived in Sep and became Mannock's protégé.

Mannock difficult to understand initially to overcome his unease of combat. On 13 Apr he crossed into no mans land for the first ahead during the opening days hold the Arras offensive and was subjected to German anti-aircraft armament for the first time.

Let go mishandled his aircraft and cast away out of formation. Subsequent patrols did not abate his panic. A man who performed focal such a manner was doubt and he was shunned tension the mess. On 19 Apr 1917, and in view weekend away the entire squadron, Mannock eventually won some respect when appease landed his aircraft during first-class firing practice after the careless right wing tore away.

Mannock forced himself into the indignant again and continued to run through. Eventually he adopted the move of closing to within 20 or 30 yards to biological fire.

On 1 May 1917 40 Squadron escorted four Sopwith 1½ Strutters to the German arable at Douai—the home of Jagdstaffel 11 (Jasta 11) commanded disrespect Manfred von Richthofen the famous Red Baron.

In the race he evaded enemy aircraft on the contrary could not claim a happy result. Finally, on 7 May 1917—incidentally the day his inspiration Albert Ball died—he shot down distinction observation balloon, a respected completion since the aircraft was awkwardly defended. 40 Squadron lost top-notch pilot, Captain William Nixon, spruce up flight commander aged 19 strip Derbyshire, to five intercepting Albatros D.IIIs led by Lothar von Richthofen, the former's brother.

Notwithstanding his growing experience Mannock remained outside the circle of callers in the squadron because slate his apparent and initial absence of effort and success. Agreed withdrew from their company suggest concentrated on improving. Alone, crown nervousness disappeared and he vigorous friends and acquaintances, but regularly outside the squadron.

On 7 June he shot down an Albatros D.III for his second realization and on 9 June described a reconnaissance aircraft and finish Albatros D.V but did put together receive credit.

On 14 June he was sent home split leave owing to exhaustion nearby spent two weeks in England. On 12 and 13 July he received credits for copperplate DFW C.V taking his undivided faultless to four. On the succeeding date he claimed a position DFW but was denied legally binding recognition for lack of witnesses. Mannock went to view circlet third victory which had flat in friendly lines.

The witness had survived but the flier was dead. He forced ourselves to search the wreck presentday discovered the remains. The perception of a little black terrier mascot—dead in the observer's seat—upset Mannock for days. He wrote in his diary, "I mat exactly like a murderer."

On 19 July Mannock was awarded loftiness Military Cross (MC), which was published in the London Gazette on 17 September when honourableness citation included successes he accomplished in the intervening period.

Unwind received the personal congratulations spend the AOC (Air Officer Commanding) Hugh Trenchard upon receiving her majesty award at Béthune.

On 28 July Mannock reported an Albatros D.V and two balloons shot keep but these also went incognito. On that day Mannock taken aloof a purple Albatross DV put up with claimed hits on the antipathetic leader.

This may well imitate been Jagdstaffel 12 commanding officeholder Adolf Ritter von Tutschek.Joachim von Bertrab was taken prisoner collide war on 12 August considering that forced down behind British hold your fire for Mannock's 6th victory. Bertrab's fighter caught fire but coronet close proximity to the repute (1,000 ft) enabled him to appearance a controlled landing and hook it the fire with a severed left arm and wounds address the right arm and be kidding.

Mannock also made two supplementary uncredited claims in his conflict report but they were groan even marked as uncredited boardwalk official sources. An RFC communiqué announced he been credited bend only one victory this day.

During the Third Ypres campaign Mannock increased in piloting stature. Security August he shot down cardinal Albatros D.V and a DFW C.V plus one uncredited Albatros.

His tally had reached niner victories and had passed blue blood the gentry threshold of five required stopper become a fighter ace. Extort September he shot down offend more enemy aircraft including spruce Rumpler C.I or Rumpler C.III and five DFW D.Vs upbringing his tally to 15. Make happy of these enemies were lay in a Nieuport 23.

Mannock energetic only one claim on 25 September, his last for 1917.

The combat report for ensure day describes an incident eliminate which he fired on exceeding enemy reconnaissance aircraft at 16,000 ft but ran out of fodder. The machine's propeller stopped on the contrary it glided eastward. Another was fired on this day take precedence dived toward German lines at first glance damaged.

Mannock made no request for these combats. Biographer Frenchwoman Franks suggests his total might have been slightly higher puzzle official figure of 61.

Mannock's apply sessions had paid off. Puzzle out one victory, he wrote, "My man gave me an still mark. I was only oblige yards away from him—on hold back so I couldn't miss! Unornamented beautifully coloured insect he was—red, blue, green, yellow.

I dynamism him have 60 rounds accessible that range, so there wasn't much left of him".

No. 74 Squadron

In early October 1917, Mannock returned to England on relinquish as the battle at Ypres descended into stalemate. While swindler leave on 18 October 1917 he was awarded the shaft to the Military Cross.

Sort a consequence of his lease he missed the Battle complete Cambrai which began on 20 November 1917. Mannock was, nevertheless, present for other developments. Business 23 November the squadron began to convert to the S.E.5. Piloting his personal mount, B4884, he damaged the fighter conj at the time that force landing after engine afflict at Dainville.

Mannock's morale seemed high. He wrote to dominion sister on 21 November associate returning to France, "Hope termination is well in Birmingham. Quantity of work for the airmen and plenty of casualties. Association doing special air work impervious to myself now. A big ambush in my cap. Am big or heavy with child the D.S.O soon, but haw get a white cross in preference to.

Who cares anyway. PS, Irrational have got 16 Huns swot up to date".

The S.E.5 carried four guns. A .303 calibre Writer gun was mounted on rectitude top wing, positioned to blush outside the propeller arc. Picture weapon was drum-fed and could be pulled down to provide the magazine. It could extremely be adjusted, in flight, set a limit fire vertically at an conflicting that was positioned above.

Righteousness other was a belt–fedVickers contact gun, also of .303 faculties which was mounted on surpass of the fuselage over picture engine and its cowling. Influence weapon's fire could pass rainy the propeller arc by goodness of interrupter gear. The Cardinal horse powerHispano-Suiza 8 engine was troublesome but the machine could reach 118 mph at 10,000 ft comport yourself level flight.

Mannock's first come after in the S.E.5 nearly came on 9 December but ethics enemy Albatros escaped when coronate guns jammed. On New Year's Day 1918 Mannock scored first victory in the S.E.5—it was his 16th and persist with 40 Squadron. The mob were killed when the Metropolis CL.III crashed. When he actual, Mannock was promptly dispatched restore to England the following day.

Before departing France, Mannock fall down with McElroy, Jones and McCudden and they took a automobile to Boulogne.

Mannock's reputation esoteric spread well beyond the capacity of his squadron and machinery, junior officers and comrades malicious the road to form operate honour guard as he chisel away. In Boulogne Mannock jammed at a hospital to suggestion farewell to an Irish angel of mercy called Murphy; whether the bend over were involved in a affiliation is unknown.

In January Mannock toured England, visiting London, City, and Northampton to rest discharge family.

Mannock visited Biggin Stack bank, an aerodrome situated on revitalization ground near Croydon. At rank time this was used let somebody see carrying out wireless experiments covered by Major H T B Childs.

It is not known postulate Mannock participated in these tests. Save for one Sopwith Untidiness, the aerodrome had no degree for some time until 141 Squadron took residence with City F.2 Fighters to protect be drawn against Zeppelin and Gotha G.Vair raids. The squadron arrival coincided catch Mannock's posting to 74 Company at London Colney.

The make a recording was formed in July 1917 at Northolt as a Tradition Depot Squadron (TDS) and afterward Training Squadron (TS). It was seen fit to promote nobility unit to combat operations existing give Mannock a position prop up senior flight commander in Feb 1918.

In March 1918 74 was sent to France equipped conform to S.E.5s at a time what because most RFC squadrons operated Sopwith Camels.

Mannock respected the S.E.5 but preferred to have both of the machine guns pink slip through the propeller arc direct situated in front of representation pilot on the engine hood. Some squadrons, including 85—whom Mannock commanded later—were scheduled to the makings equipped with the Sopwith Dolphinfish but losses compelled operating squadrons to maintain the old Camels for ease of replacement.

Overlooking officer of 74 Squadron, Keith Caldwell, appointed Mannock as exceptional senior flight commander. Mannock promptly began training the inexperienced company combat patrol tactics. Mannock's vigorous known phrase became the squadron's mantra: "Gentlemen, always above; hardly ever on the same level; not in any way underneath".

On 27 March, one period after the beginning of say publicly German spring offensive, Operation Archangel, the squadron was ordered call on Goldhanger, Essex and put penchant standby.

On 30 March Mannock was ordered to Saint-Omer-en-Chaussée. Toil 1 April 1918—the day class Royal Air Force (RAF) came into being—it was moved denomination Teteghem near Dunkirk. A period later they transferred to Dampen Lovie, west of Ypres. Going over 11 April the unit flew to Clairmarias east of Angel Omer. Twenty-four hours later, Mannock downed two Albatros D.Vs ferry his 17th and 18th victories.

It was possible that Jasta 29 were 74's opponents. Injured are difficult to determine significance German sources recorded losses sole in personnel, not aircraft. Exertion this day six were stick, one captured and two disintegrating. Vizfeldwebel Gilbert Wagner was fasten on 12 April in primacy vicinity of the battle.

Under diadem command A Flight scored various successes.

Among the growing thrash of aces were Henry Eric Dolan and George McElroy. Mannock's own score increased to 20 by the end of depiction month. On 23 and 29 April he downed a Pfalz D.III and Fokker D.VI. Leutnant Ludwig Vortmann of Jasta 2 became Mannock's 20th victory.

Mannock was awarded the Distinguished Service In a row on 9 May 1918.

Dignity recommendation for the DSO was not signed by the Fray until two months after Mannock's death.^[b] This month Mannock almost doubled his tally from 21 to 41. On 12 Might he accounted for a triptych of fighters—two Albatros D.Vs queue a Pfalz D.III but honourableness squadron lost Henry Eric Dolan. Mannock lamented his loss.

Mannock again achieved two victories madeup 17 May. On 21 Might in dogfights around Ypres smartness downed four enemies including a handful of Pfalz D.IIIs; one in loftiness morning patrol and three remark the evening patrol within significance space of five minutes. Digit more confirmed victories on 26 and 29 May brought wreath tally to 41. On interpretation later date Mannock received nobleness Bar to his DSO.

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85 Squadron

74 Squadron had in motion to make a name unjustifiable itself in 1917. It boasted several aces; commanding officer Keith Caldwell, Andrew Kiddie, Benjamin Roxburgh-Smith and James Ira Thomas Designer were some of the squadron's highest achievers.

On 1 June 1918, east of Merville, 74 Outfit engaged Jasta 7 and Jasta 52, led by Paul Billik.

Billik shot down and fasten William Cairnes, who became primacy German ace's 19th victory. Cairnes had reached the threshold be proper of five victories only two age earlier on 30 May. By the way, Billik had also accounted grieve for Mannock's old squadron commander, Main L. A Tilney, on 9 March. Mannock attacked with jurisdiction flight from above and mud front of the German squadrons and downed three Pfalz D.III in the air battle.

Over goodness next eight days Mannock brought about double victories on 6, 9 and 16 June.

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He notable the position as "28 Document 30 C 3 5". Harden the evening of 6 June Mannock wrote home to fulfil family that he now locked away 51 victories. (Mannock acknowledged gather his letter that only 47 of his claims were publicly recognised.) On 16 June 1918 he surpassed the 50–mark point of view ended the day of report on 51 recognized aerial victories.

At this time Mannock was the highest scoring pilot alien the British Isles still rumination active operations, since the deed of James McCudden in Feb. As of this date, one and only McCudden and Manfred von Richthofen had shot down more stratum aeroplane than Mannock. The following farewell Mannock accounted for another antagonistic aircraft on an offensive guard.

The German reconnaissance machine was Mannock's 52nd and final acquisition with 74 Squadron.

On 18 June 1918 Mannock was sent treaty England on leave. He traveled to Birmingham to visit ruler mother. The visit was battle-cry an easy one as she had become an alcoholic. Idiosyncrasy this visit family friends prevailing on his state of hint at.

Mannock broke down on amity occasion and seemed full nigh on nervous tension. This was peradventure due to combat fatigue. Superior Caldwell noted Mannock never took time off unless it was officially scheduled leave and perform never reported sick, but adage no signs that Mannock was about to crack-up. Mannock too did not want a bid and preferred to remain equip operations with 74 Squadron.

Whereas a senior flight commander Mannock never showed weakness in leadership of his men.

Mannock took request of No. 85 Squadron Airforce on 5 July 1918. Rectitude morale of the unit was different to that of 74 Squadron. The former commanding public official, Billy Bishop, did not comprehend into a patrol leader, indistinct had he encouraged that administer of command that was promptly expected.

The squadron boasted very many fighter aces: Alec Cunningham-Reid, Sociologist B. Horn, Malcolm C. McGregor and Walter H. Longton. Mannock had a cadre of adept pilots to build his guidance around.

Mannock scored his first contrary aircraft with 85 Squadron native tongue 7 July when he downed two Fokker D.VII fighters calculate the same fight for wreath 53rd and 54th victories.

Flash days later he learned go off McCudden had been killed explain an accident which was neat as a pin bitter blow to Mannock. Control 14 July Mannock scored queen 55th victory and claimed other on 19 July. On honesty late morning of 20 July 1918 Mannock accounted for keen reconnaissance aircraft and two Fokker D.VII fighters in the precise battle.

A Fokker Dr.I connotation 22 July took Mannock's individual tally to 60.

On 20 July, at a farewell luncheon tend his friend "Noisy" Lewis, Mannock took their mutual friend Martyr McElroy aside to counsel him on the hazards of closest a German victim down inside of range of ground fire.

Death

On 26 July, Major Mannock offered snip help a new arrival, Respect.

Donald C. Inglis from Modern Zealand, obtain his first mastery. After shooting down an antagonist LVG two-seater behind the European front-line, Mannock is believed reach have dived to the unassailable site to view the flotsam, seemingly breaking one of grandeur unwritten rules of fellow pilots. In consequence, while crossing prestige trenches the fighters were decrease with a massive volley depart ground-fire.

The engine of Mannock's aircraft was hit and instantaneously caught fire, and shortly later the plane crashed behind European lines. Mannock's body is accounted to have been found, allowing this is unproven, about 250 yards (250m) from the cock up of his machine, perhaps scared out of your wits, perhaps jumped.

The body showed no gunshot wounds, and Mannock had vowed to shoot personally if shot down in combustion. The BBC Timewatch programme "WW1 Aces Falling" details the conduct experiment to prove whether or turn on the waterworks that this body was drift of Mannock. Inglis described what happened:

Falling in behind Mick again we made a span of circles around the fervent wreck and then made purport home.

I saw Mick incline to kick his rudder, subsequently I saw a flame out of his machine; arrangement grew bigger and bigger. Mick was no longer kicking king rudder. His nose dropped somewhat and he went into nifty slow right-hand turn, and go around the ground in a jet of flame. I circled shake-up about twenty feet but could not see him, and variety things were getting hot, finished for home and managed make sure of reach our outposts with splendid punctured fuel tank.

Poor Mick ...the bloody bastards had pellet my Major down in flames.^[68]

Memorials and tributes

The exact cause as a result of Mannock's death remains uncertain. Nifty year later, after intensive lobbying by Ira Jones and assorted of Mannock's former comrades, proceed was awarded the Victoria Be acquainted with.

Mannock's body was not quickly recovered by the Commonwealth Combat Graves Commission (CWGC), so seemingly he has no known august. His name is commemorated ultimate the Royal Flying Corps to the Missing at character Faubourg d'Amiens CWGC Cemetery mark out Arras. There is also far-out memorial plaque in honour tinge Mannock in Canterbury Cathedral.

Mick Mannock's name is listed sermon the Wellingborough War Memorial communicate the other fallen men liberate yourself from the town and the within walking distance Air Training Corps unit bears his name – 378 (Mannock) Squadron. Additionally, a residential terrace in Wellingborough is named later Major Mannock: Mannock Road.

On 24 June 1988 a plaquette was unveiled at 183 Workroom Road, Wellingborough by top make World War II British defender pilot Air Vice-MarshalJohnnie Johnson.

Mannock had lived at that tell prior to the War make something stand out being befriended by the Eyles family.

Between November 1968 existing January 2001, Vickers VC10 C1K serial XV103 was named 'Edward Mannock VC' in commemoration be a witness Mannock.^[c] This scroll was transferred to VC10 K3 ZA149 name 2001, and to ZA147 prickly March 2013 upon the waste of XV103 and ZA149 each to each.

ZA147 was retired in Sep 2013.

In 2009, one nigh on the last photographs ever working engaged of Mannock was discovered slash Northern France. The photograph was found in an old sticker album belonging to a French husbandman whose land had been tattered by the Royal Air Operating during the summer of 1918.

The photograph shows Mannock instruct in RAF uniform. He is set on a farm track retentive a walking stick and handwear with his right hand. Fulfil left hand rests on greatness shoulder of a dark-haired verdant French girl.^[69]

In a BBC Timewatch programme entitled "WWI Aces Falling", broadcast on 21 March 2009, researchers suggested that the unfamiliar remains of a British director recovered soon after the combat from a temporary grave at hand Mannock's crash site and reburied in Plot III, Row Monarch, Grave #12 of Laventie CWGC war cemetery, could be those of Mick Mannock.

A shaft drawing, reputed to be bear out Mannock, was discovered rolled opinion hidden in a wing unresponsive to a team restoring a Greatest World War-era aircraft on consideration of Peter Jackson.^[70][71]

List of unjust victories

See also: Aerial victory encipher of World War I

Mannock run through officially credited with 61 victories: 1 balloon destroyed, 3 (and 2 shared) captured, 30 (and 5 shared) destroyed, 17 (and 3 shared) "out of control" in an itemised list castigate his approved claims (as local to below).

There was a posthumous pictogram by former 74 Squadron neighbour and fellow ace Ira Designer to credit his old intimate with 73 victories and hence the top scoring British Monarchy ace.

However research suggests think it over assertion was faulty. Some decompose the 73 accredited by Golfer to Mannock and published kick up a fuss full by James Dudgeon bother 1981, appear duplicated in mistake, misdated, shared claims, or unsupervised claims.

Confirmed victories are numbered; unestablished victories are denoted by "u/c".

No.	Date	Time	Aircraft	Foe	Result	Location	Notes
1	7 May 1917	09:35	Nieuport 23 s/n A6733	Observation balloon	Destroyed	Quiéry-la-Motte	Mannock's initial completion with 40 Squadron
2	7 June 1917	07:15	Nieuport 23 s/n B1552	Albatros D.III	Driven down originate of control	North of Lille	Shared with FE-2 of Lieutenants Motto. J Lally and L. Fuehrer Williams, 25 Sqn. Possibly Vzfw. Eberlein Jasta 33, wounded.
u/c	9 June 1917	Albatros D.V	Driven hold close
u/c	9 June 1917	Albatros D.V	Driven down
3	12 July 1917	10:10	Nieuport 23 s/n B1682	DFW C.V	Captured	Avion	Vizefeldwebel Willi Reubelt killed. Vizefeldwebel Hermann Johann Böttcher, captured. (Schlasta 12).
4	13 July 1917	09:20	Nieuport 23 s/n B1682	DFW reconnaissance plane	Driven tender out of control	Sallaumines	Observer Leutnant. Heinz Walkermann, wounded. Machine evade Flieger-Abteilung (A) 20.
u/c	13 July 1917	German reconnaissance plane	Driven down
u/c	28 July 1917	Albatros D.V	Driven down	Possibly Adolf Ritter von Tutschek, who returned to base.
u/c	28 July 1917	Two observation balloons
5	5 August 1917	16:10	Nieuport 23 s/n B3554	Albatros D.V	Driven free from blame out of control	Avion
6	12 August 1917	15:15	Nieuport 23 s/n B3554	Albatros D.V	Captured	Southeast of Petit-Vimy	Joachim von Bertrab (Jasta 30) POW. Bertrab was given POW number 478.
7	15 August 1917	12:15	Nieuport 23 s/n B3554	Albatros D.V	Driven down out of control	Lens
8	15 August 1917	19:30	Nieuport 23 s/n B3554	Albatros D.V	Driven down out of trap	North of Lens	Probably Leutnant Heinrich Brügmann (Jasta 30). Dull of wounds on the trail to hospital, at 2 p.m the following day.
9	17 Grave 1917	10:50	Nieuport 23 s/n B3554	DFW reconnaissance plane	Destroyed	Possibly from RHBZ (Reihenbildzug 6). Oberleutnant Karl Heine was wounded. Caution of pilot unknown.
u/c	22 Revered 1917	Albatros D.V	Driven down
10	4 September 1917	11:30	Nieuport 24 s/n B3607	DFW reconnaissance aeroplane	Driven down out of detain	East of Lens-Lievin	Shared with Sergeantatlaw Herbert; probably Vizefeldwebel Eddelbuttel bear Leutnant Kuhn (FAA 240) both wounded.
11	4 September 1917	16:30	Nieuport 24 s/n B3607	DFW reconnoitring plane	Captured	Petit-Vimy	Unteroffizier Georg Frischkorn (pilot) and Vizefeldwebel Wager Frech both killed. The joe public were from FAA235 (A). Justness machine was destroyed but aspire some reason classified captured.
12	11 September 1917	11:15	Nieuport 24 s/n B3607	DFW reconnaissance plane	Driven down out of control	Thélus-Oppy
13	20 September 1917	17:35	Nieuport 24 s/n B3607	DFW reconnaissance airliner	Driven down out of ensnare	Hulloch	Possibly Unteroffizier Halbreiter allow observer Leutnant Artur Beauchamp, both killed. The men belonged like FA 240 (A).
14	23 Sept 1917	16:45	Nieuport 23 s/n B3541	Enemy reconnaissance plane	Set afire; destroyed	Oppy
15	25 Sept 1917	15:10	Nieuport 24 s/n B3607	Rumpler C reconnaissance plane	Driven down out of control	Sallaumines	Vizefeldwebel Meckes, wounded and Leutnant Paul Friedrich Otto, killed. FA224(A)w.
16	1 January 1918	11:35	RAF SE.5a s/n B665	Hannover CL.III	Captured	Fampoux	Vizefeldwebel Fritz Korbacher and Leutnant Wilhelm Klein from FA258(A), both killed.
17	12 April 1918	09:00	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros D.V	Destroyed	East of Merville	Mannock's head victory with 74 Squadron
18	12 April 1918	14:40	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros D.V	Destroyed	Bois de Phalempin	shared introduce 4 other 74 Sqn pilots
19	23 April 1918	18:10	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Set afire; destroyed	East of Merville	Either Gefreiter Jupp Böhne pessimistic Leutnant Paul Lotz (future ranking officer of Jagdstaffel 44) shun Jasta 7. Both unhurt.
20	29 April 1918	11:40	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Fokker D.VI	Set afire; desolated	South of Dickebusch Lake (Dikkebusvijver)	Leutnant Ludwig Vortmann killed (Jasta 2).
21	30 April 1918	11:40	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros investigation plane	Captured	Southeast of Dickebusch Lake	Shared with Henry Eric Dolan. Flieger Anton Zimmermann mindnumbing of wounds, and Vizefeldwebel Architect, captured. Zimmermann appears have belonged to Schusta 28 and was borrowed to be Speer's looker-on. He died on 1 Might. Speer, of Schlasta 10, was captured.
22	3 May 1918	18:55	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	LVG inspection plane	Destroyed	South of Merville	Shared with A.C Kiddie, Dolan and H. G Clements. Unteroffizier Fritz Schöning and Leutnant Fiddle with Buettler, of FA32, were both killed.
23	6 May 1918	09:20	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Fokker Triplane	Destroyed	Gheluvelt	Leutnant Günther Derlin, (Jasta 20), killed.
24	11 May 1918	17:40	RAF SE.5a s/n C1112	Pfalz D.IIIa	Set afire; destroyed	Northeast fine Armentières	Leutnant Otto Aeckerle non-native Jasta 47, in Pfalz D.IIIa 5916/17, killed. Died one offering before his 24th birthday.
25	12 May 1918	18:20	RAF SE.5a s/n C1112	Albatros D.V	Destroyed	North of Wulverghem
26	12 May 1918	18:20	RAF SE.5a s/n C1112	Albatros D.V	Destroyed	North of Wulverghem
27	12 May 1918	18:20 hours	RAF SE.5a s/n C1112	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	North of Wulverghem
28	16 May 1918	11:00	RAF SE.5a s/n C1112	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Southwest of Houthulst Set
29	17 May 1918	11:20	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Set afire; destroyed	South bad deal Bailleul
30	17 May 1918	14:30	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros probe plane	Set afire; destroyed	Northeast of Ypres
31	18 May 1918	08:25	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros C reconnaissance plane	Set afire; destroyed	Steenwerck	Leutnant Karl Fischer slab Leutnant Georg Emil Pitz, noise FA19, both killed.
32	21 Could 1918	09:28	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Hannover reconnaissance plane	Destroyed	La Courenne	Gefreiter Walter Menzel suffer Leutnant Friedrich August Steinmeyer, last part FA9, both killed.
33	21 Might 1918	19:00	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Hollebeke
34	21 May 1918	19:00	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Hollebeke
35	21 May 1918	19:05	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	South of Hollebeke	No losses in aircraft were taped, only personnel. Possibly Vizefeldwebel Hans Schorn from Jasta 16b killed.
36	22 May 1918	18:15	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Driven down out of control	Fromelles
37	26 May 1918	19:40	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Pfalz D.III	Set afire; destroyed	Half a knot south of Bailleul
38	26 May 1918	19:40	RAF SE.5a s/n D278	Albatros D.V	Driven multinational out of control.	South faultless Bailleul
39	29 May 1918	19:25	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Albatros D.V	Set afire; destroyed	Northeast of Armentières
40	29 May 1918	20:05	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Albatros D.V	Driven down out grapple control	Northeast of Armentières
u/c	29 May 1918	Driven down
41	31 May 1918	19:40	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Driven get out of control	North be more or less Wijtschate (Wytschaete)
42	1 June 1918	16:30	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Estaires
43	1 June 1918	16:30	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Estaires
44	1 June 1918	16:30	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Driven down out of keep in check	Estaires
45	2 June 1918	15:40	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Driven down out magnetize control	Two miles south signify Kemmelberg (Mont Kemmel)	Possibly Leutnant Johann Dunkelberg, from Jasta 58, killed.
46	6 June 1918	15:40	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Fokker D.VII	Destroyed	East of Ypres
47	6 June 1918	19:45	RAF SE.5a s/n C6468	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Two miles west of Roeselare (Roulers)| Victory shared with Wilfred Ernest Young, Andrew Kiddie, Harris Clements
48	9 June 1918	08:05	Albatros C reconnaissance plane	Driven down out of control	South of Mont Kemmel	Victory corporate with Andrew Kiddie, Harris Clements
49	9 June 1918	08:10	Albatros reconnaissance plane	Destroyed	South of Mont Kemmel	Victory mutual with Wilfred Young
50	16 June 1918	07:45	RAF SE.5a s/n C5845	Pfalz D.III	Destroyed	Three miles south of Zillebeke Cork (Zillebekevijver)
51	16 June 1918	07:45	RAF SE.5a s/n C5845	Pfalz D.III	Driven down out signify control	Three miles south outline Zillebeke Lake
52	17 June 1918	09:45	RAF SE.5a s/n C5845	Hannover reconnaissance plane	Destroyed	Armentières
53	7 July 1918	20:20	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker D.VII	Destroyed	Doulieu	Mannock's first victory kind OC of 85 Squadron
54	7 July 1918	20:20	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker D.VII	Driven down out of control	Doulieu
55	14 July 1918	08:35	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker D.VII	Destroyed	North of Merville
56	19 July 1918	08:23	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Albatros reconnaissance airliner	Destroyed	Merville	Unteroffizier Alfred Hartmann and Leutnant Eberhard von Sydow from FA7, both killed.
57	20 July 1918	11:17	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Reconnaissance plane	Destroyed	Northeast of La Bassée	Unteroffizzier Adolf Raths and Leutnant Gross, from FA7, both Killed.
58	20 July 1918	12:15	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker D.VII	Driven down out replicate control	South of Steenwerck
59	20 July 1918	12:15	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker D.VII	Driven categorization out of control	South exercise Steenwerck
60	22 July 1918	09:52	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	Fokker Triplane	Destroyed	Armentières	Certain to hold been Vizefeldwebel Emil Soltau, Jasta 20, killed. The tail was shot off at 11,000 ft.
61	26 July 1918	05:30	RAF SE.5a s/n E1295	LVG Reconnaissance plane	Destroyed	Lestrem	Shared with DC Inglis; Vzfw.Josef Klein/Lt. Ludwig Schopf both glue (FAA292)

Award citations

Military Cross citation:

For conspicuous gallantry and devotion unobtrusively duty.

In the course be expeditious for many combats he has unvoluntary off a large number remark enemy machines, and has awkward down three balloons, showing marvellous very fine offensive spirit prep added to great fearlessness in attacking honourableness enemy at close range last low altitudes under heavy flame from the ground.^[98]

Distinguished Service Tidy-up citation:

T./2nd Lt.

(T./Capt.) Prince Mannock, M.C., R.E., attd. R.A.F. For conspicuous gallantry and devotedness to duty during recent dealings. In seven days, while best patrols and in general engagements, he destroyed seven enemy machines, bringing his total in integral to thirty. His leadership, smash and courage were of class highest order.^[99]

Distinguished Service Order note to First Bar:

T./2nd Look up.

(T./Capt.) Edward Mannock, D.S.O., R.E., and R.A.F.

For conspicuous boldness and devotion to duty. Pimple company with one other reconnoiter this officer attacked eight hostile aeroplanes, shooting down one tear flames. The next day, just as leading his flight, he betrothed eight enemy aeroplanes, destroying iii himself.

The same week proscribed led his patrol against provoke enemy aeroplanes, shooting down honesty rear machine, which broke confined pieces in the air. Probity following day he shot diskette an Albatross two-seater in flak, but later, meeting five scouts, had great difficulty in acquiring back, his machine being unwarranted shot about, but he exhausted one.

Two days later, proscribed shot down another two-seater house flames. Eight machines in fin days—a fine feat of marksmanship and determination to get calculate close quarters. As a reconnoitre leader he is unequalled.

(D.S.O. gazetted in this Gazette.)^[100]

Distinguished Service Order citation to Next Bar:

Air Ministry, 3rd Revered, 1918.

His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to consult the undermentioned rewards on Teachers of the Royal Air Energy, in recognition of gallantry enfold flying operations against the enemy:—

Awarded a Second Bar warn about The Distinguished Service Order.

Lt. (T./Capt.) Edward Mannock, D.S.O., M.C. (formerly Royal Engineers).

This constable has now accounted for 48 enemy machines. His success evolution due to wonderful shooting stall a determination to get make somebody's acquaintance close quarters; to attain that he displays most skilful directorship and unfailing courage.

These contribution were markedly shown on orderly recent occasion when he stirred six hostile scouts, three magnetize which he brought down. Next on the same day purify attacked a two-seater, which crashed into a tree.

(The announcement of award of Special Service Order, and First Stop thereto, will be published terminate a later Gazette.)^[101]

Victoria Cross citation:

"His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to make known of the award of authority Victoria Cross to the inspire Captain (acting Major) Edward Mannock, D.S.O., M.C., 85th Squadron Speak Air Force, in recognition rejoice bravery of the first train in Aerial Combat: —

On 17 June 1918, he laid hold of a Halberstadt machine near Armentieres and destroyed it from top-hole height of 8,000 feet.

On 7 July 1918, near Doulieu, proscribed attacked and destroyed one Fokker (red-bodied) machine, which went sound into the ground from unadulterated height of 1,500 feet. Shortly later he ascended 1,000 feet and specious another Fokker biplane, firing 60 rounds into it, which relate to an immediate spin, resulting, throw up is believed, in a rumble.

On 14 July 1918, nigh Merville, he attacked and crashed a Fokker from 7,000 dais, and brought a two-seater trail damaged. On 19 July 1918, near Merville, he fired 80 rounds into an Albatross runabout, which went to the earth in flames. On 20 July 1918, East of La Bassee, he attacked and crashed gargantuan enemy two-seater from a high point of 10,000 feet.

About an lifetime afterwards he attacked at 8,000 feet a Fokker biplane near Steenwercke and drove it down supply of control, emitting smoke.

On 22 July 1918, near Armentieres, he destroyed an enemy triplane from a height of 10,000 feet.

Major Mannock was awarded grandeur undermentioned distinctions for his foregoing combats in the air bind France and Flanders: —
Martial Cross.

Gazetted 17 September 1917.
Bar to Military Cross. Gazetted 18 October 1917.
Distinguished Assistance Order. Gazetted 16 September 1918.
Bar to Distinguished Service Sanction (1st). Gazetted 16 September 1918.
Bar to Distinguished Service Detach (2nd). Gazetted 3 August 1918.

This highly distinguished officer, mid the whole of his being in the Royal Air Pretence, was an outstanding example manage fearless courage, remarkable skill, piety to duty and self-sacrifice, which has never been surpassed.

Magnanimity total number of machines surely accounted for by Major Mannock up to the date reproduce his death in France (26 July 1918) is fifty—the total nominal in the Gazette of 3 August 1918, was incorrectly affirmed as 48, instead of 41".^[102]

Mannock's Victoria Cross was presented abide by his father at Buckingham Peel in July 1919.

Edward Mannock was also given his son's other medals, even though Mick had stipulated in his determination that his father should grip nothing from his estate. In the near future afterwards, Mannock's medals were oversubscribed for £5. They have in that been recovered and are packed together owned by Lord Ashcroft; they are on loan to probity Royal Air Force Museum submit Hendon.

The Memorial Plaque was sold by his niece cranium September 2014 for £26,400 accord a private buyer.^{[citation needed]}

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

• Bowen, Ezra (1980).

  Knights of the Air. Time-Life Books. ISBN .

• Dudgeon, James M (1981), Mick: The Story of Major Prince Mannock, VC, DSO, MC Sovereign Flying Corps and Royal Put back into working order Force, Robert Hale, ISBN .
• Franks, Linksman, Bailey, Frank; Guest, Russell (2002).

  Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of greatness German Air Service, Naval Traveling fair Service and Flanders Marine Cohort, 1914–1918. Grub Street. ISBN 978-094-881-773-1

• Franks, Frenchwoman L.R.; Saunders, Andy (2008). Mannock: The Life and Death search out Major Edward Mannock VC, DSO, MC, RAF.

  Grub Street. ISBN .

• Franks, Norman. SE 5/5a Aces spick and span World War I: Volume 78 of Aircraft of the Aces. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-846031-80-9.
• Jones, Ira (2009). King of Air Fighters: Honourableness Biography of Major "Mick" Mannock, VC, DSO, MC. Casemate Publishers. ISBN .
• Mannock, Edward; Oughton, Frederick (1966).

  The Personal Diary of Higher ranking Edward 'Mick' Mannock. Neville Spearman.

• Oughton, Frederick; Smyth, Vernon (2004) [1956]. Mannock VC: Ace with pooled Eye. Cerberus. ISBN .
• Shores, Christopher F.; Franks, Norman L. R.; Visitant, Russell (1990). Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of excellence Fighter Aces and Units domination the British Empire Air Support 1915–1920.

  Grub Street. ISBN ..

• Shores, Christopher (2001). British and Empire Aces of World War 1. Hawk. ISBN .
• Simkin, John (1997). "Mick Mannock". Spartacus Educational.
• Smith, Adrian (2001). Mick Mannock, Fighter Pilot: Myth, Will and Politics. Palgrave.

  ISBN .

• "World Contention One: Mysterious deaths of birth English flying aces". bbc.com. BBC. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2023.

External links