Balasaheb thackeray biography
Bal Thackeray
Indian cartoonist and politician (1926-2012)
Hindū Hṛdaya Samrāṭa Bal Thackeray | |
---|---|
Thackeray in 2012 | |
In office 19 June 1966 – 17 November 2012 | |
Preceded by | position created |
Succeeded by | Uddhav Thackeray |
In office 23 Jan 1988 – 20 June 2006 | |
Preceded by | office established |
Succeeded by | Uddhav Thackeray |
In office 13 Reverenced 1960 – 17 November 2012 | |
Preceded by | office established |
Succeeded by | Uddhav Thackeray |
Born | Bal Keshav Thackeray (1926-01-23)23 Jan 1926 Poona, Bombay Presidency, British Bharat (present-day Pune, Maharashtra, India) |
Died | 17 Nov 2012(2012-11-17) (aged 86) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
Political party | Shiv Sena |
Other political affiliations | National Democratic Alliance(from 1998) |
Spouse | Sarla Vaidya[a] (m. 1948; died 1995) |
Children | 3, including Uddhav Thackeray[2] |
Parents | |
Relatives | Aaditya Writer (grandson) Raj Thackeray (nephew) Thackeray Family |
Residence(s) | Matoshree Bunglow, Bandra, Mumbai |
Occupation | |
Known for | Marathi regionalism Hindutva |
Nicknames |
|
Bal Keshav Thackeray (Marathi pronunciation:[baːɭ̆keːʃəʋʈʰaːk(ə)ɾeː]; 23 January 1926 – 17 November 2012), besides known as Balasaheb Thackeray, was an Indian cartoonist and legislator who founded the original Shiv Sena, a right-wing pro-Marathi turf Hindu nationalist party active in the main in the state of Maharashtra.[3]
Thackeray began his professional career chimpanzee a cartoonist with the English-language daily, The Free Press Journal in Bombay, but he not done the paper in 1960 know form his own political once a week, Marmik.[4] His political philosophy was largely shaped by his daddy Keshav Sitaram Thackeray, a dazzling figure in the Samyukta Maharashtra (United Maharashtra) movement, which advocated the creation of a cull linguistic state for Marathi speakers.
Through Marmik, Bal Thackeray campaigned against the growing influence acquisition non-Marathis in Mumbai.[4]
He had fine large political influence in depiction state, especially in Mumbai.[5]
In influence late 1960s and early Decade, Thackeray built the Shiv Sena with help of Madhav Mehere, Chief Attorney for Trade Undividedness of India, Babasaheb Purandare, clerk for Govt of Maharashtra viewpoint Madhav Deshpande, Head Accountant possession Shiv Sena.
These three living souls to a large extent were responsible for the success slow Shiv Sena and stability incessantly politics in Mumbai till 2000 to ensure it grows give somebody no option but to an economic power center.[6] Author was also the founder become aware of the Marathi-language newspaper Saamana.[7] Make something stand out the riots of 1992–93, operate and his party took trim Hindutva stance.
In 1999, Writer was banned from voting spreadsheet contesting in any election implication six years on the recommendations of the Election Commission adoration indulging in seeking votes creepy-crawly the name of religion. Author was arrested multiple times scold spent a brief stint dense prison, but he never well-known any major legal repercussions.[8] Go on a goslow his death, he was accorded a state funeral, at which many mourners were present.[9][10] Author did not held any bona fide positions, and he was not at any time formally elected as the director of his party.[5]
Early life
Main article: Thackeray family
Thackeray was born trial run 23 January 1926 in Pune, the son of Prabodhankar Author and his wife Ramabai Thackeray.[6] The family belongs to prestige MarathiHinduChandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu community.[11][12] Circlet father Keshav was an supporter of India-born British writer William Makepeace Thackeray, and changed potentate own surname from Panvelkar get in touch with "Thackeray" an Anglicised version check their ancestral surname "Thakre".[13]
Bal's churchman was a journalist and cartoonist by profession; he was as well a social activist and ingenious writer who was involved clump a Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, which advocated the creation of dialect trig separate linguistic state for Sanskrit speakers.[14] He also started first-class magazine named Prabodhan, where put your feet up promoted Hindu philosophies and flag-waving ideals to revive Hindutva increase twofold society.
This proved to enter highly influential in shaping Bal Thackeray's political views.[15]
Bal was loftiness eldest of eight siblings, shrivel brothers Shrikant Thackeray (father invite Raj Thackeray) and Ramesh Writer, and five sisters (Sanjeevani Karandikar,[16] Prabhavati (Pama) Tipnis, Malati (Sudha) Sule, Sarla Gadkari and Susheela Gupte).
Raj broke away overexert Shiv Sena to form circlet own political party called description Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.[17] Despite Raj's breakaway from the main thing, he continues to maintain wander Thackeray was his ideologue famous relations between them improved about Thackeray's final years.[5][18]
Cartoonist career
Thackeray began his career as a cartoonist in the Free Press Document in Mumbai.
His cartoons were also published in the Avail edition of The Times get the message India. After Thackeray's differences tweak the Free Press Journal, illegal and four or five go out, including politician George Fernandes, leftist the paper and started their own daily, News Day. Rank paper survived for one express grief two months.[19] In 1960, noteworthy launched the cartoon weekly Marmik with his brother Srikant.[20] Seize focused on issues of usual "Marathi Manoos" (Marathi, or Marathi-speaking, people) including unemployment, immigration promote the retrenchment of Marathi officers.
Its office in Ranade Finished became the rallying point fend for Marathi youth.[21] Bal Thackeray after stated that it was "not just a cartoon weekly on the other hand also the prime reason staging the birth and growth get through the Sena". It was illustriousness issue of Marmik on 5 June 1966 which first proclaimed the launch of membership replace the Shiv Sena.[22][23]
Thackeray drew cartoons for the Free Press Journal, the Times of India avoid Marmik besides contributing to Saamna till 2012.
He cited nobility New Zealander cartoonist David Fallacy as his inspiration.[5]
Politics
Further information: Shiv Sena
1966–1998
The success of Marmik prompted Thackeray to form the Shiv Sena on 19 June 1966. The name Shiv Sena (Shivaji's Army) is a reference tell off the 17th century Maratha EmperorShivaji.
Initially, Thackeray said it was not a political party however an army of Shivaji Maharaj, inclined to fight for depiction Marathi maanus (person).[24] It called for that native speakers of high-mindedness state's local language Marathi (the "sons of the soil" movement) be given preferential treatment interchangeable private and public sector jobs.
The early objective of distinction Shiv Sena was to guarantee their job security competing at daggers drawn South Indians and Gujaratis.[20] Touch a chord its 1966 party manifesto, Writer primarily blamed south Indians.[25] Guarantee Marmik, Thackeray published a bring to an end of corporate officials from fastidious local directory, many being southeast Indians, citing it as trial that Maharashtrians were being discriminated against.[24]
His party grew in honourableness next ten years.
Senior vanguard such as Babasaheb Purandare, main attorney for Trade Union forfeit Maharashtra Madhav Mehere joined authority party and chartered accountant Madhav Gajanan Deshpande backed various aspects of the party operations. Send 1969, Thackeray and Manohar Joshi were jailed after participating divide a protest demanding the fusion of Karwar, Belgaum and Nipani regions in Maharashtra.[26] During primacy 1970s, it did not do the trick in the local elections skull it was active mainly rope in Mumbai, compared to the slumber of the state.
The fete set up local branch division and settled disputes, complaints intrude upon the government.[10] It later in motion violent tactics with attacks intrude upon rival parties, migrants and righteousness media; the party agitated tough destroying public and private property.[5][27] Thackeray publicly supported Indira Solon during the 1975 Emergency; Writer supported the Congress party copious times.[20]
Dr.
Hemchandra Gupte, Mayor try to be like Mumbai and the former brotherhood physician and confidant of Author, left Shiv Sena in 1976 citing the emphasis given smash into money, violence committed by description Shiv Sena members, and Thackeray's support for Indira Gandhi streak the 1975 emergency.[28]
Politically, the Shiv Sena was anti-communist, and wrested control of trade unions coop up Mumbai from the Communist Testing of India (CPI).
Local not in use youth from the declining fabric industry joined the party[27] distinguished it further expanded because cosy up Maharashtrians from the Konkan region.[20] By the 1980s, it became a threat to the verdict Congress party which had in the early stages encouraged it because of purge rivalling the CPI.
In 1989, the Sena's newspaper Saamna was launched by Thackeray.[29] Because returns Thackeray being against the Mandal Commission report, his close helper Chhagan Bhujbal left the dinner party in 1991. Following the 1992 Bombay riots, Thackeray took reason viewed as anti-Muslim and homespun on Hindutva.[5] Shiv Sena succeeding allied itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
The BJP-Shiv Sena alliance won the 1995 Maharashtra State Assembly elections take precedence were in power from 1995 to 1999. Thackeray declared actually to be the "remote control" chief minister.[5][30]
Thackeray and the Superlative Minister Manohar Joshi were sincerely named for inciting the Shivsainiks for violence against Muslims cloth the 1992–1993 riots in wholesome inquiry ordered by the regulation of India, the Srikrishna Empowerment Report.[31][32]
Thackeray had influence in distinction film industry.
His party staff agitated against films he gantry controversial and would disrupt vinyl screenings, causing losses. Bombay, fastidious 1995 film on the riots, was opposed by them.[20]
1999–2012
On 28 July 1999, Thackeray was against the law from voting and contesting bank any election for six period from 11 December 1999 furrow 10 December 2005 on depiction recommendations of the Election Siesta for indulging in corrupt exercise by seeking votes in high-mindedness name of religion.[33][34] In 2000, he was arrested for top role in the riots on the contrary was released because the ruling of limitations expired.[8] In 2002, Thackeray issued a call damage form Hindu suicide bomber squads to take on the warning foreboding of terrorism.[35] In response, excellence Maharashtra government registered a overnight case against him for inciting armed conflict between different groups.[36] At nadir two organisations founded and managed by retired Indian Army team, Lt Col Jayant Rao Chitale and Lt Gen.
P.N. Hoon (former commander-in-chief of the Fib Command), responded to the paying-off with such statements as distant allowing Pakistanis to work scuttle India due to accusations contradict Pakistan for supporting attacks pop in India by militants.[37][38] After depiction six-year voting ban on Author was lifted in 2005, fair enough voted for the first again and again in the 2007 BMC elections.[39] Eight or nine cases surface Thackeray and Saamna for provocative writings were not investigated harsh the government.[20]
Thackeray said that nobility Shiv Sena had helped dignity Marathi people in Mumbai, particularly in the public sector.[40] Writer believed that Hindus must aptitude organised to struggle against those who oppose their identity become more intense religion.[41] Opposition leftist parties reputed that the Shiv Sena has done little to solve magnanimity problem of unemployment facing marvellous large proportion of Maharashtrian boyhood during its tenure, in falsehood to its ideological foundation show signs of 'sons of the soil.'[42]
In 2006, Thackeray's nephew Raj Thackeray penniless away from Shiv Sena turn form the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) during Thackeray's retirement beginning appointment of his son, Uddhav rather than Raj as righteousness leader of Shiv Sena.
Narayan Rane also quit around lapse time.[18]
The Sena acted as a-one "moral police" and opposed Valentine's Day celebrations.[20] On 14 Feb 2006, Thackeray condemned and apologised for the violent attacks timorous its Shiv Sainiks on well-ordered private celebration in Mumbai. "It is said that women were beaten up in the Nallasopara incident.
If that really exemplar, then it is a representation of cowardice. I have without exception instructed Shiv Sainiks that fall apart any situation women should weep be humiliated and harassed."[43] Writer and the Shiv Sena remained opposed to it, although they indicated support for an Asian alternative.[44][45]
In 2007, he was for a short while arrested and let out look over bail after referring to Muslims as 'Green Poison' during grand Shiv Sena rally.[8]
On 27 Walk 2008, in protest to Thackeray's editorial, leaders of Shiv Sena in Delhi resigned, citing lecturer outrageous conduct towards non-Marathis embankment Maharashtra and announced that they would form a separate party.[46] Addressing a press conference, Shiv Sena's North India chief Jai Bhagwan Goyal said the resolving to leave the party was taken because of the evenhanded attitude of the party lighten command towards Maharashtrians.
Goyal new to the job said that Shiv Sena psychiatry no different from Khalistan come first Jammu and Kashmir militant associations which are trying to bug out a rift between people future regional lines. The main eminence of these forces is reverse split our country. Like rank Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, the Shiv Sena too has demeaned Direction Indians and treated them inhumanely.[46][47]
Views
Thackeray declared that he was keen against every Muslim, but single those who reside in that country but do not observe the laws of the soil, considering such people to assign traitors.[48] The Shiv Sena psychotherapy viewed by the media orangutan being Islamophobic, though Shiv Sena members officially reject this accusation.[49] When explaining his views pass to Hindutva, he equated Islam reap violence and called on Hindus to fight terrorism and gala Islam.[50] In an interview appear Suketu Mehta, he called put the mass expulsion of disallow Bangladeshi Muslim migrants from Bharat and for a visa group to enter Mumbai, the Asian National Congress state government esoteric earlier during the Indira Solon declared national emergency considered calligraphic similar measure.[51][52]
He told India Today "[Muslims] are spreading like fastidious cancer and should be operated on like a cancer.
Depiction country...should be saved from primacy Muslims and the police sine qua non support them [Hindu Maha Sangh] in their struggle just all but the police in Punjab were sympathetic to the Khalistanis."[53] In spite of that, in an interview in 1998, he said that his general picture had changed on many issues that the Shiv Sena esoteric with Muslims, particularly regarding representation Babri Mosque or Ram Janmabhoomi issue:[54] "We must look make something stand out the Muslims and treat them as part of us."[54] Soil also expressed admiration for Muslims in Mumbai in the animate of the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings perpetrated fail to see Islamic fundamentalists.
In response advance threats made by Abu Azmi, a leader of the Samajwadi Party, that accusations of bigotry directed at Indian Muslims would bring about communal strife, Writer said that the unity constantly Mumbaikars (residents of Mumbai) essential the wake of the attacks was a slap to fanatics of Samajwadi Party leader Abu Asim Azmi and that Writer salute[s] those Muslims who participated in the two minutes' peace on 18 July to keen the blast victims.[55] Again heritage 2008 he wrote: "Islamic monomania is growing and Hindu radicalism is the only way on touching counter it.
We need killing bomb squads to protect Bharat and Hindus."[56] He also reiterated a desire for Hindus misinform unite across linguistic barriers anticipate see a Hindustan for Hindus and to bring Islam notch this country down to betrayal knees.[57]
Thackeray was criticised for diadem praise[58][59] of Adolf Hitler.[5] Oversight was quoted by Asiaweek kind saying: "I am a entirety admirer of Hitler, and Wild am not ashamed to asseverate so!
I do not hold that I agree with separation the methods he employed, on the contrary he was a wonderful arranger and orator, and I determine that he and I plot several things in common...What Bharat really needs is a autocrat who will rule benevolently, however with an iron hand."[60] Check a 1993 interview, Thackeray confirmed, "There is nothing wrong venture Muslims are treated as Jews were in Nazi Germany." Pustule another 1992 interview, Thackeray expressed, "If you take Mein Kampf and if you remove position word 'Jew' and put sidewalk the word 'Muslim', that admiration what I believe in".[61]Indian Express published an interview on 29 January 2007: "Hitler did observe cruel and ugly things.
Nevertheless he was an artist, Wild love him [for that]. Illegal had the power to soubriquet the whole nation, the resound with him. You have greet think what magic he locked away. He was a miracle...The cause offense of Jews was wrong. On the contrary the good part about Despot was that he was unmixed artist.
He was a devil-may-care. He had good qualities take bad. I may also hold good qualities and bad ones."[62][63] Thackeray also praised Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi.[64]
In 2008, following agitation against Biharis and other north Indians mobile to Maharashtra to take cultivated service examinations for the Asiatic Railways due to an overlimit of the quota in their home provinces, Thackeray also aforesaid of Bihari MPs that they were spitting in the harmonized plate from which they detach when they criticised Mumbaikars dispatch Maharashtrians.
He wrote: "They characteristic trying to add fuel unity the fire that has antediluvian extinguished, by saying that Mumbaikars have rotten brains." He besides criticised Chhath Puja, a freedom celebrated by Biharis and those from eastern Uttar Pradesh, which occurs on six days tension the Hindu month of Karttika. He said that it was not a real holiday.[65] That was reportedly a response find time for MPs from Bihar who esoteric disrupted the proceedings of rectitude Lok Sabha in protest get in touch with the attacks on North Indians.[65] Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, upset with the remarks, christened on the prime minister viewpoint the central government to step in in the matter.
A Saamna editorial prompted at least 16 MPs from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, belonging to the Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United), Samajwadi Party and the Amerind National Congress, to give significance for breach of privilege actions against Thackeray.[65] After the situation was raised in the Lok Sabha, SpeakerSomnath Chatterjee said: "If anybody has made any communication on our members' functioning collect the conduct of business enclosure the House, not only uproar we treat that with greatness contempt that it deserves, on the other hand also any action that hawthorn be necessary will be free according to procedure and excellent established norms.
Nobody will print spared.'"[65]
In 2009, he criticised Asiatic cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, a "Marathi icon", for saying he was an Indian before he was a Maharashtrian.[8]
Opposition to Caste Household Reservations
Thackeray firmly opposed caste homeproduced reservation and said, "There form only two castes in significance world, the rich are well-to-do and the poor is pathetic, make the poor rich nevertheless don't make the rich defective.
Besides these two castes Funny don't believe in any bottle up casteism."
The Bhartiya Janata Cocktail (BJP) supported caste-based reservations homegrown on the Mandal commission. Thackarey, despite being warned that hopeful to the reservations would titter politically suicidal for the Shiv Sena party, opposed the BJP over this issue and oral he would initiate proceedings opposed the BJP if the BJP supported caste-based reservations.
This extremely led to his conflict additional Chhagan Bhujbal, an OBC, who later left the Shiv Sena.[66][67]
Views on Savarkar
Thackeray defended Savarkar combat criticism and praised him laugh a great leader. In 2002, when PresidentA. P. J. Abdul Kalam unveiled a portrait hold Savarkar in the presence endorsement Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee, justness Congress Party opposed the disclosing of the portrait and boycotted the function.
Thackeray criticised honourableness opposition and said, "Who task [Congress president and Leader entity the Opposition] Sonia Gandhi disturb object to the portrait? What relation does she have staunch the country? How much does she know about the characteristics and culture of India?". Stage later, when Congress General Rewrite man Digvijaya Singh made a allocation that Savarkar was allegedly depiction first one to suggest blue blood the gentry two-nation theory that led alongside the partition, Thackeray rejected probity statement of Singh.[68][69]
Support for Indian Pandits
In 1990, Bal Thackeray got seats reserved in engineering colleges for the children of Dard Pandits in Maharashtra.[70] At organized meeting with them he slender the idea that Kashmiri Pandits could be armed for their self-defence against Jihadis.[71][72][73]
Personal life
Thackeray was married to Meena Thackeray (née Sarla Vaidya) on 13 June 1948[1] and had three daughters, oldest son Bindumadhav, middle top soil Jaidev, and youngest son Uddhav.[74] Meena died in 1995 title Bindumadhav died the following era in a car accident.[75][76]
Death
Thackeray suitably on 17 November 2012, clean and tidy cardiac arrest.[77] Mumbai came breathe new life into a virtual halt immediately considerably news about his death poverty-stricken out, with shops and advertising establishments shutting down.[78] The broad state of Maharashtra was formulate on high alert.
The fuzz appealed for calm and 20,000 Mumbai police officers, 15 accoutrements of the State Reserve Control Force and three contingents near the Rapid Action Force were deployed.[79] It was reported put off Shiv Sena workers forced shops to close down in abominable areas.[8] Then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called for calm incline the city and praised Thackeray's "strong leadership", while there were also statements of praise alight condolences from other senior politicians such as the then-Gujarat Boss Minister Narendra Modi and significance BJP leader and MP (Former Deputy Prime Minister of India), L.
K. Advani.[80]
He was accorded a state funeral[81] at Shivaji Park, which generated some controversy[82] and resulted from demands thought by Shiv Sena.[83] It was the first public funeral move the city since that defer to Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920.[84] Thackeray's body was moved work to rule the park on 18 November.[85] Many mourners attended his interment, although there were no authentic figures.
The range reported require media sources varied from about 1 million,[86] to 1.5 million[87] and as many as all but 2 million.[88] His cremation took place the next day, at his son Uddhav lit ethics pyre.[89] Among those present gorilla his cremation were senior representatives of the Maharashtra government survive the event was broadcast stand up for on national television channels.[90] Character Parliament of India opened commissioner its winter session on 21 November 2012.
Thackeray was depiction only non-member to be notorious in its traditional list dressingdown obituaries. He is one get a hold few people to have back number recorded thus without being adroit member of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.[91] Despite having not held whatever official position, he was problem the 21-gun salute, which was again a rare honour.[92] Both houses of Bihar Assembly further paid tribute.[93][94][95] The funeral outlay created further controversies when routes reports claimed that the BMC had used taxpayers' money.
Current response to these reports, depiction party later sent a outline of Rs. 500,000 to rendering corporation.[92]
The Hindu, in an spar, said regarding the shutdown stroll "Thackeray’s legion of followers tiring him to the status claim a demigod who could chapter an entire State to slam cage down with the mere omen of violence".[96] Following his temporality, police arrested a 21-year-old bride who posted a Facebook annotation against him, as well by the same token her friend who "liked" primacy comment.
Shiv Sena members along with vandalised the clinic owned gross the woman's relative.[97]
Legacy
Thackeray was hailed Hindū Hṛdaya Samrāṭa (lit. 'Emperor presentation Hindu Hearts') by his supporters.[98] His yearly address at Shivaji Park was popular among sovereignty followers.
In 2012, he preferably gave a video-taped speech other urged his followers "to allot the same love and fondness to his son and public heir Uddhav as they locked away given him".[5] Thackeray was leak out to convert popular sentiment bounce votes, getting into controversies tell off making no apologies for be a winner though his son has run-down to tone down the party's stance after his death.[5] Recognized was known for his fervent writings,[27] was seen as skilful good orator who used poor humour to engage his audience.[5][20] He had a large civic influence throughout the state, principally in Mumbai.[20] His party not had any formal internal elections nor was he ever officially elected as its chief downy any point.[5]Gyan Prakash said, "Of course, the Samyukta Maharashtra Momentum had mobilized Marathi speakers whilst a political entity, but be a smash hit was Thackeray who successfully deployed it as an anti-immigrant, self-governing force."[24] He inspired Baliram Kashyap the leader of Bastar who often regarded as the Writer of Bastar.
A memorial in the direction of him was proposed at Shivaji Park but legal issues soar opposition from local residents persevere to delay it.[99]
Thackeray is satirised in Salman Rushdie's 1995 chronicle The Moor's Last Sigh importation 'Raman Fielding'. The book was banned by the Maharashtra board government.[100]Suketu Mehta interviewed Thackeray love his critically acclaimed, Pulitzer-nominated, non-fiction 2004 book Maximum City.
In popular culture
In 2005, Ram Gopal Varma directed the Godfatheresque-Sarkar, super-hit thriller was inspired by authority life of Bal Thackeray roost North Indian politics. In that Amitabh Bachchan's character was exciting by Thackeray [20]
The 2011 pic Jai Bhim Comrade depicted undiluted speech by Thackeray at boss public rally, in which illegal articulated "genocidal sentiments" about Muslims, stating that they were rectitude "species to be exterminated." Grandeur documentary followed this by presentation several Dalit leaders criticising Author for his beliefs.[101]
Balkadu a 2015 Marathi film is loosely come after to be based on glory ideologies of Bal Thackeray, picture film contains voice clippings line of attack Thackeray's political career.
A Screenland biopic titled Thackeray, starring Nawazuddin Siddiqui and written by Shiv Sena politician Sanjay Raut, was released on 25 January 2019.[102][103]
Makarand Padhye played Balasaheb Thakeray thump the 2022 Marathi film Dharmaveer and its sequel based retain information the life of Shiv Sena politician Anand Dighe.
Dushyant Wagh played Thackeray in the 2023 Marathi film Maharashtra Shahir home-made on the life of Padma ShriShahir Sable.
See also
Notes
References
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