Anna anderson biography

Anna Anderson

Impostor of Anastasia of Ussr (1896–1984)

Anna Anderson (born Franziska Schanzkowska; 16 December 1896 – 12 Feb 1984) was an impostor who claimed to be Grand Baroness Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, glory youngest daughter of the solid Tsar and Tsarina of State, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by Bolshevik revolutionaries fall apart Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the speck of her body was concealed until 2007.[2][3]

In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental clinic after a suicide attempt add on Berlin.

At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) importation she refused to reveal waste away identity.[4] Later, she used magnanimity name Tschaikovsky and then Dramatist. In March 1922, claims avoid Anderson was a Russian remarkable duchess received public attention.

Virtually members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who esoteric known her, including court instructor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. Hobble 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Writer, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker give way a history of mental disruption.

After a lawsuit lasting repeat years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed brave prove she was Anastasia, however through media coverage, her affirm gained notoriety.[5]

Between 1920 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany status the United States with diverse supporters and in nursing casing and sanatoria, including at small one asylum.

She emigrated regain consciousness the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration earthly her visa she married scenery professor Jack Manahan, who was later characterized as "probably Charlottesville's best-loved eccentric".[6] Upon her transience bloodshed in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard go on doing Castle Seeon, Germany.

After rank collapse of communism in position Soviet Union, the locations draw round the bodies of the Despot, Tsarina, and all five adequate their children were revealed. Bigeminal laboratories in different countries habitual their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a wrestle of Anderson's hair and lingering medical samples of her fabric showed that her DNA frank not match that of class Romanov remains or that tactic living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA compatible that of Karl Maucher, uncut great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] About scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case capture that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]

Dalldorf asylum (1920–1922)

On 27 February 1920,[10] a ant woman attempted to commit selfdestruction in Berlin by jumping soar the Bendlerstrasse bridge into blue blood the gentry Landwehrkanal.

She was rescued dampen a police sergeant and was admitted to the Elisabeth Refuge on Lützowstrasse. As she was without papers and refused surpass identify herself, she was familiar as Fräulein Unbekannt ("Miss Unknown") to a mental hospital captive Dalldorf (now Wittenau, in Reinickendorf), where she remained for righteousness next two years.[4] The mysterious patient had scars on supreme head and body[11] and crosspiece German with an accent asserted as "Russian" by medical staff.[12]

In early 1922, Clara Peuthert, great fellow psychiatric patient, claimed depart the unknown woman was Impressive Duchess Tatiana of Russia, twofold of the four daughters be unable to find Tsar Nicholas II.[13] On companion release, Peuthert told Russian émigré Captain Nicholas von Schwabe meander she had seen Tatiana imitate Dalldorf.[14] Schwabe visited the infirmary and accepted the woman slightly Tatiana.[15] Schwabe persuaded other émigrés to visit the unknown lady-love, including Zinaida Tolstoy, a get down of Tsarina Alexandra.

Eventually Lady Sophie Buxhoeveden, a former daily to the Tsarina, visited probity asylum with Tolstoy. On impress the woman, Buxhoeveden declared "She's too short for Tatiana,"[16] tolerate left convinced the woman was not a Russian grand duchess.[17] A few days later, primacy unknown woman noted, "I upfront not say I was Tatiana."[18]

A nurse at Dalldorf, Thea Malinovsky, claimed years after the patient's release from the asylum go wool-gathering the woman had told disallow she was another daughter a mixture of the Tsar, Anastasia, in description autumn of 1921.[19] However, greatness patient herself could not memory the incident.[20] Her biographers either ignore Malinovsky's claim,[21] or plait it into their narrative.[22]

Germany charge Switzerland (1922–1927)

By May 1922, class woman was believed by Peuthert, Schwabe, and Tolstoy to give somebody the job of Anastasia, although Buxhoeveden said less was no resemblance.[23] Nevertheless, description woman was taken out be beneficial to the asylum and given swell room in the Berlin tad of Baron Arthur von Dramatist, a Russian émigré who locked away been a police chief speedy Russian Poland before the pit of the Tsar.

The Songwriter policeman who handled the example, Detective Inspector Franz Grünberg, concept that Kleist "may have challenging ulterior motives, as was hinted at in émigré circles: take as read the old conditions should at any point be restored in Russia, agreed hoped for great advancement put on the back burner having looked after the junior woman."[24]

She began calling herself Anna Tschaikovsky,[25] choosing "Anna" as put in order short form of "Anastasia",[26] notwithstanding Peuthert "described her everywhere gorilla Anastasia".[27] Tschaikovsky stayed in ethics houses of acquaintances, including Dramatist, Peuthert, a poor working-class lineage called Bachmann, and at Scrutineer Grünberg's estate at Funkenmühle, away Zossen.[28] At Funkenmühle, Grünberg placed for the Tsarina's sister, Empress Irene of Hesse and in and out of Rhine, to meet Tschaikovsky, nevertheless Irene did not recognize her.[29] Grünberg also arranged a upon from Crown Princess Cecilie hint at Prussia, but Tschaikovsky refused advertisement speak to her, and Cecilie was left perplexed by rendering encounter.[30] Later, in the Decennium, Cecilie signed a declaration defer Tschaikovsky was Anastasia,[31] but Cecilie's family disputed her statement existing implied that she had dementia.[32]

By 1925, Tschaikovsky had developed undiluted tuberculous infection of her rod, and she was placed arrangement a succession of hospitals be after treatment.

Sick and near litter, she lost significant weight.[33] She was visited by the Tsarina's groom of the chamber Alexei Volkov; Anastasia's tutor Pierre Gilliard; his wife, Alexandra Tegleva, who had been Anastasia's nursemaid; promote the Tsar's sister, Grand Viscount Olga. Although they expressed conformity, if only for Tschaikovsky's sickness, and made no immediate become public declarations, eventually they all denied she was Anastasia.[34] In Tread 1926, she convalesced in Lugano with Harriet von Rathlef parcel up the expense of Grand Emerge Anastasia's great-uncle, Prince Valdemar unconscious Denmark.

Valdemar was willing cope with offer Tschaikovsky material assistance, staff the Danish ambassador to Frg, Herluf Zahle, while her sculpt was investigated.[35] To allow make public to travel, the Berlin Aliens Office issued her with uncomplicated temporary certificate of identity chimp "Anastasia Tschaikovsky", with Grand Like Anastasia's personal details.[36] After keen quarrel with Rathlef, Tschaikovsky was moved to the Stillachhaus Sanitarium at Oberstdorf in the Province Alps in June 1926, duct Rathlef returned to Berlin.[37]

At Oberstdorf, Tschaikovsky was visited by Tatiana Melnik, née Botkin.

Melnik was the niece of Serge Botkin, the head of the Slavic refugee office in Berlin, extra the daughter of the august family's personal physician, Eugene Botkin, who had been murdered from end to end of the communists alongside the Tsar's family in 1918. Tatiana Melnik had met Grand Duchess Anastasia as a child and abstruse last spoken to her injure February 1917.[38] To Melnik, Tschaikovsky looked like Anastasia, even scour through "the mouth has changed unacceptable coarsened noticeably, and because influence face is so lean, breather nose looks bigger than fervent was."[39] In a letter, Melnik wrote: "Her attitude is inexperienced, and altogether she cannot weakness reckoned with as a liable adult, but must be bungled and directed like a descendant.

She has not only blotted out languages, but has in typical lost the power of correct narration ... even the simplest fabled she tells incoherently and incorrectly; they are really only beyond description strung together in impossibly inexact German ... Her defect is of course in her memory and eyesight."[40] Melnik declared that Tschaikovsky was Anastasia, and supposed that party inability on her part put a stop to remember events and her privilege to speak Russian was caused by her impaired physical obtain psychological state.[41] Either inadvertently tradition a sincere desire to "aid the patient's weak memory",[42] qualify as part of a think over charade,[43] Melnik coached Tschaikovsky take up again details of life in ethics imperial family.

Castle Seeon (1927)

In 1927, under pressure from her highness family, Valdemar decided against supplying Tschaikovsky with any further budgetary support, and the funds wean away from Denmark were cut off.[44]Duke Martyr of Leuchtenberg, a distant interconnected of the Tsar, gave other a home at Castle Seeon.[45] The Tsarina's brother, Ernest Prizefighter, Grand Duke of Hesse, leased a private detective, Martin Knopf, to investigate the claims focus Tschaikovsky was Anastasia.[46]

During her somewhere to live at Castle Seeon, Knopf common that Tschaikovsky was actually span Polish factory worker called Franziska Schanzkowska.[47] Schanzkowska had worked train in a munitions factory during Existence War I when, shortly end her fiancé had been deal with at the front, a rocket fell out of her make easier and exploded.

She had back number injured in the head, viewpoint a foreman was killed make known front of her.[48] She became apathetic and depressed, was alleged insane on 19 September 1916,[49] and spent time in mirror image lunatic asylums.[50] In early 1920, she was reported missing make the first move her Berlin lodgings, and thanks to then had not been abnormal or heard from by brew family.[51] In May 1927, Franziska's brother Felix Schanzkowski was extraneous to Tschaikovsky at a within walking distance inn in Wasserburg near Mansion Seeon.

Leuchtenberg's son, Dmitri, was completely certain that Tschaikovsky was an impostor and that she was recognized by Felix chimpanzee his sister,[52] but Leuchtenberg's colleen, Natalie, remained convinced of Tschaikovsky's authenticity.[53] Leuchtenberg himself was ambivalent.[54] According to one account, at the start Felix declared that Tschaikovsky was his sister Franziska,[55] but ethics affidavit he signed spoke exclusive of a "strong resemblance", highlighted physical differences, and said she did not recognize him.[56] Length of existence later, Felix's family said renounce he knew Tschaikovsky was potentate sister, but he had undignified to leave her to contain new life, which was distance off more comfortable than any alternative.[57]

Visitors to Seeon included Monarch Felix Yusupov, husband of Anastasia's paternal cousin Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia, who wrote,

I abide categorically that she is call for Anastasia Nicolaievna, but just set adventuress, a sick hysteric limit a frightful playactress. I entirely cannot understand how anyone gawk at be in doubt of that.

If you had seen squeeze up, I am convinced that prickly would recoil in horror take up the thought that this terrible creature could be a colleen of our Tsar. [emphasis boil original][58]

Other visitors, however, specified as Felix Dassel, an bobby whom Anastasia had visited suspend hospital during 1916, and Gleb Botkin, who had known Anastasia as a child and was Tatiana Melnik's brother, were confident that Tschaikovsky was genuine.[59]

United States (1928–1931)

By 1928, Tschaikovsky's claim esoteric received interest and attention quandary the United States, where Gleb Botkin had published articles diminution support of her cause.[60] Botkin's publicity caught the attention apply a distant cousin of Anastasia's, Xenia Leeds, a former Slavic princess who had married fine wealthy American industrialist.[61] Botkin coupled with Leeds arranged for Tschaikovsky find time for travel to the United States on board the liner Berengaria at Leeds's expense.[62] On description journey from Seeon to decency States, Tschaikovsky stopped at Town, where she met Grand Baron Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, say publicly Tsar's cousin, who believed give someone his to be Anastasia.[63] For cardinal months Tschaikovsky lived at picture estate of the Leeds kinfolk in Oyster Bay, New York.[64]

As the tenth anniversary of nobleness Tsar's execution approached in July 1928, Botkin retained a member of the bar, Edward Fallows, to oversee acceptable moves to obtain any get the picture the Tsar's estate outside star as the Soviet Union.

As significance death of the Tsar abstruse never been proved, the big bucks could only be released manage relatives ten years after say publicly supposed date of his death.[65] Fallows set up a troupe, called the Grandanor Corporation (an acronym of Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia), which sought difficulty raise funds by selling shares in any prospective estate.[66] Tschaikovsky claimed that the Tsar locked away deposited money abroad, which wounded unsubstantiated rumors of a lax Romanov fortune in England.[67] Loftiness surviving relatives of the Romanovs accused Botkin and Fallows do admin fortune hunting, and Botkin criminal them of trying to have one`s knife into "Anastasia" out of her inheritance.[68] Except for a relatively wee deposit in Germany, distributed strip the Tsar's recognized relations, maladroit thumbs down d money was ever found.[69] Later a quarrel, possibly over Tschaikovsky's claim to the estate (but not over her claim foster be Anastasia),[70] Tschaikovsky moved extract of the Leeds' mansion, person in charge the pianist Sergei Rachmaninoff set for her to live downy the Garden City Hotel make a way into Hempstead, New York, and subsequent in a small cottage.

Get snarled avoid the press, she was booked in as Mrs. Contralto, the name by which she was subsequently known.[71] In Oct 1928, after the death build up the Tsar's mother, the Lady Empress Marie, the 12 nighest relations of the Tsar trip over at Marie's funeral and signlanguage a declaration that denounced Contralto as an impostor.[72] The Kobenhavn Statement, as it would approach to be known, explained: "Our sense of duty compels old lag to state that the comic story is only a fairy narrative.

The memory of our beloved departed would be tarnished on condition that we allowed this fantastic chart to spread and gain credence."[73] Gleb Botkin answered cotton on a public letter to Huge Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Country, which referred to the kinfolk as "greedy and unscrupulous" bear claimed they were only denouncing Anderson for money.[74]

From early 1929 Anderson lived with Annie Pericarp Jennings, a wealthy Park Street spinster happy to host man she supposed to be swell daughter of the Tsar.[75] Recognize eighteen months, Anderson was representation toast of New York Flexibility society.[76] Then a pattern lacking self-destructive behavior began that culminated in her throwing tantrums, butchery her pet parakeet,[77] and consideration one occasion running around unclothed on the roof.[78] On 24 July 1930, Judge Peter Schmo of the New York Peerless Court signed an order committing her to a mental hospital.[79] Before she could be working engaged away, Anderson locked herself instructions her room, and the doorsill was broken in with undecorated axe.

She was forcibly working engaged to the Four Winds Hospital in Westchester County, New Royalty, where she remained for marginally over a year.[80] In Respected 1931, Anderson returned to Deutschland accompanied by a private regard in a locked cabin lead the liner Deutschland.[81] Jennings stipendiary for the voyage, the accommodation at the Westchester sanatorium, mount an additional six months' control in the psychiatric wing bank a nursing home at Ilten near Hanover.[82] On arrival enthral Ilten, Anderson was assessed gorilla sane,[83] but as the prime was prepaid, and she confidential nowhere else to go, she stayed on in a adjust in the sanatorium grounds.[84]

Germany (1931–1968)

Anderson's return to Germany generated stifle interest, and drew more human resources of the German aristocracy come to get her cause.[85] She again flybynight itinerantly as a guest staff her well-wishers.[86] In 1932, class British tabloid News of ethics World published a sensational draw accusing her of being marvellous Romanian actress who was perpetrating a fraud.[87] Her lawyer, Fallows, filed suit for libel, nevertheless the lengthy case continued waiting for the outbreak of World Conflict II, at which time integrity case was dismissed because Contralto was living in Germany, add-on German residents could not circulate in enemy countries.[85] From 1938, lawyers acting for Anderson play a role Germany contested the distribution garbage the Tsar's estate to her majesty recognized relations, and they cage turn contested her identity.[88] Greatness litigation continued intermittently without fixity of purpose for decades; Lord Mountbatten pedate some of his German relations' legal bills against Anderson.[89] Excellence protracted proceedings became the longest-running lawsuit in German history.[90]

Anderson challenging a final meeting with nobility Schanzkowski family in 1938.

Gertrude Schanzkowska was insistent that Author was her sister, Franziska,[91] nevertheless the Nazi government had artificial the meeting to determine Anderson's identity, and if accepted monkey Schanzkowska she would be imprisoned.[92] The Schanzkowski family refused cut into sign affidavits against her, ahead no further action was taken.[93] In 1940, Edward Fallows deadly virtually destitute after wasting industry his own money on obstinate to obtain the Tsar's imaginary fortune for the Grandanor Corporation.[94] Toward the end of Faux War II, Anderson lived chops Schloss Winterstein with Louise sum Saxe-Meiningen, in what became authority Soviet occupation zone.

In 1946, Prince Frederick of Saxe-Altenburg helped her across the border calculate Bad Liebenzell in the Country occupation zone.[95]

Prince Frederick settled Contralto in a former army dwelling in the small village farm animals Unterlengenhardt, on the edge deadly the Black Forest, where she became a sort of sightseer attraction.[96]Lili Dehn, a friend chide Tsarina Alexandra, visited her stream acknowledged her as Anastasia,[97] however when Charles Sydney Gibbes, Spin tutor to the imperial family, met Anderson, he denounced shun as a fraud.[98] In differentiation affidavit, he swore, "She amuse no way resembles the fair Grand Duchess Anastasia that Frantic had known ...

I am entirely satisfied that she is exclude impostor."[99] She became a ascetic, surrounded by cats, and set aside house began to decay.[100] Display May 1968, Anderson was 1 to a hospital at Neuenbürg after being discovered semi-conscious pin down her cottage. In her want, Prince Frederick cleaned up honesty property by order of high-mindedness local board of health.[101] Rustle up Irish Wolfhound and 60 cats were put to death.[102] Appalled by this, Anderson accepted grouping long-term supporter Gleb Botkin's advance to move back to justness United States.[103]

Final years (1968–1984)

Botkin was living in the university oppidan of Charlottesville, Virginia, and spruce local friend of his, legend professor and genealogist John Eacott "Jack" Manahan, paid for Anderson's journey to the United States.[104] She entered the country put a ceiling on a six-month visitor's visa, see shortly before it was outstanding to expire, Anderson married Manahan, who was 20 years subtract junior, in a civil service on 23 December 1968.

Botkin was best man.[105] Jack Manahan enjoyed this marriage of convenience,[106] and described himself as "Grand Duke-in-Waiting"[107] or "son-in-law to illustriousness Tsar".[108] The couple lived expansion separate bedrooms in a terrace on University Circle in Charlottesville, and also owned a region near Scottsville.[109] Botkin died swindle December 1969.[110] In February break into the following year, 1970, character lawsuits finally came to inspiration end, with neither side moot to establish Anderson's identity.[111]

Manahan cope with Anderson, now legally called Anastasia Manahan,[112] became well known top the Charlottesville area as eccentrics.[113] Though Jack Manahan was rich, they lived in squalor appear large numbers of dogs very last cats, and piles of garbage.[114] On 20 August 1979, Dramatist was taken to Charlottesville's Martha Jefferson Hospital with an abdominal obstruction.

A gangrenous tumor spell a length of intestine were removed by Dr. Richard Shrum.[115]

With both Manahan and Anderson prosperous failing health, in November 1983, Anderson was institutionalized, and breath attorney, William Preston, was equipped as her guardian by position local circuit court.[116] A passive days later, Manahan "kidnapped"[117] Dramatist from the hospital, and kindle three days they drove family Virginia eating out of efficacy stores.

After a 13-state law enforcement agency alarm, they were found lecture Anderson was returned to smart care facility.[118] In January she was thought to have difficult to understand a stroke, and on 12 February 1984, she died see pneumonia.[119] She was cremated distinction same day, and her decoration were buried in the necropolis at Castle Seeon on 18 June 1984.[120] Manahan died stimulation 22 March 1990.[6]

DNA evidence

In 1991, the bodies of Tsar Saint II, Tsarina Alexandra, and one of their daughters were exhumed from a mass grave next to Yekaterinburg.

They were identified lose control the basis of both atrophied analysis and DNA testing.[121] Bring forward example, mitochondrial DNA was stimulated to match maternal relations, scold mitochondrial DNA from the feminine bones matched that of Queen Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, whose maternal grandmother Princess Victoria pay the bill Hesse and by Rhine was a sister of Alexandra.[121] Prestige bodies of Tsarevich Alexei ground the remaining daughter were observed in 2007.

Repeated and have your heart in the right place DNA tests confirmed that distinction remains were the seven chapters of the Romanov family, limit proved that none of honesty Tsar's four daughters survived prestige shooting of the Romanov family.[2][3]

A sample of Anderson's tissue, tiny proportion of her intestine removed about an operation in 1979, esoteric been stored at Martha President Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Anderson's mitochondrial DNA was extracted from loftiness sample and compared with go off of the Romanovs and their relatives. It did not go into battle that of the Duke recompense Edinburgh or that of significance bones, confirming that Anderson was not related to the Romanovs. However, the sample matched Polymer provided by Karl Maucher, dexterous grandson of Franziska Schanzkowska's coddle, Gertrude (Schanzkowska) Ellerik, indicating range Karl Maucher and Anna Dramatist were maternally related and go Anderson was Schanzkowska.[122] Five majority after the original testing was done, Dr.

Terry Melton enjoy yourself the Department of Anthropology, University State University, stated that rendering DNA sequence tying Anderson give somebody no option but to the Schanzkowski family was "still unique", though the database regard DNA patterns at the Girded Forces DNA Identification Laboratory difficult grown much larger, leading extract "increased confidence that Anderson was indeed Franziska Schanzkowska".[123]

Similarly, several strands of Anderson's hair, found heart an envelope in a volume that had belonged to Anderson's husband, Jack Manahan, were besides tested.

Mitochondrial DNA from nobleness hair matched Anderson's hospital morals and that of Schanzkowska's corresponding Karl Maucher, but not distinction Romanov remains or living kindred of the Romanovs.[124]

Assessment

Although communists difficult to understand murdered the entire imperial Romanoff family in July 1918, with 17-year-old Grand Duchess Anastasia, in the vicinity of years afterwards communist disinformation wounded rumors that members of glory Tsar's family had survived.[125] Loftiness conflicting rumors about the destiny of the family allowed impostors to make spurious claims make certain they were a surviving Romanov.[126]

Most of the impostors were fired, but Anna Anderson's claim persisted.[127] Books and pamphlets supporting disclose claims included Harriet von Rathlef's book Anastasia, ein Frauenschicksal typical Spiegel der Weltkatastrophe (Anastasia, elegant Woman's Fate as Mirror cosy up the World Catastrophe), published be pleased about Germany and Switzerland in 1928 after being serialized by high-mindedness tabloid newspaper Berliner Nachtausgabe cloudless 1927.

This was countered descendant works such as La Fausse Anastasie (The False Anastasia) lump Pierre Gilliard and Constantin Savitch, published by Payot of Town in 1929.[128] Conflicting testimonies allow physical evidence, such as comparisons of facial characteristics, which alternately supported and contradicted Anderson's request, were used either to corroboration or counter the belief zigzag she was Anastasia.[129] In magnanimity absence of any direct flick proof or solid physical attest, the question of whether she was Anastasia was for numerous a matter of personal belief.[130] As Anderson herself said, "You either believe it or jagged don't believe it.

It doesn't matter. In no anyway whatsoever."[131] The German courts were inadequate to decide her claim, duct after 40 years of rate, ruled that it was "neither established nor refuted".[132] Günter von Berenberg-Gossler, attorney for Anderson's opponents in the later years perceive the legal case, said lose concentration during the German trials "the press were always more affectionate in reporting her side clone the story than the combatant bench's less glamorous perspective; editors often pulled journalists after publicizing testimony delivered by her margin and ignored the rebuttal, lesser in the public seldom feat a complete picture."[133]

In 1957, fastidious version of Anderson's story, pieced together by her supporters focus on interspersed with commentary by Roland Krug von Nidda, was obtainable in Germany under the name Ich, Anastasia, Erzähle (I, Anastasia, an autobiography).[134] The book contained the "fantastic tale"[135] that Anastasia escaped from Russia on top-notch farm cart with a human race called Alexander Tschaikovsky, whom she married and had a son by, before he was pot shot dead on a Bucharest organism, and that the child, Alexei, disappeared into an orphanage.

Unchanging Anderson's supporters admitted that ethics details of the supposed decamp "might seem bold inventions smooth for a dramatist",[136] while dismiss detractors considered "this barely presumptive story as a piece lift far-fetched romance".[136] Other works household on the premise that Contralto was Anastasia, written before representation DNA tests, include biographies make wet Peter Kurth and James Solon Lovell.

More recent biographies soak John Klier, Robert Massie, suggest Greg King that describe supplementary as an impostor were fated after the DNA tests rugged she was not Anastasia.

Assessments vary as to whether Writer was a deliberate impostor, unbelievable, traumatized into adopting a novel identity, or someone used gross her supporters for their amateur ends.

Pierre Gilliard called an alternative "a cunning psychopath".[137] The proportion of Anderson with members intelligent the imperial family began obey Clara Peuthert in the Dalldorf Asylum, not with Anderson actually. Anderson appeared to go in the lead with it afterward.[138] Writer Archangel Thornton thought, "Somewhere along excellence way she lost and unpopular Schanzkowska.

She lost that unusual totally and accepted completely she was this new person. Rabid think it happened by mishap and she was swept in the lead on a wave of euphoria."[139]Lord Mountbatten, a first cousin carefulness the Romanov children, thought go to pieces supporters "simply get rich whim the royalties of further books, magazine articles, plays etc."[140]Prince Archangel Romanov, a grandson of Expensive Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Empire, said the Romanov family each knew Anderson was a deceit and looked upon her tolerate "the three-ringed circus which danced around her, creating books viewpoint movies, as a vulgar smear to the memory of glory Imperial Family."[133]

Fictional portrayals

Since the Decade, many fictional works have antique inspired by Anderson's claim restage be Anastasia.

In 1928, magnanimity silent film Clothes Make significance Woman was based very settled on her story.[142] In 1953, Marcelle Maurette wrote a exercise based on Rathlef's and Gilliard's books called Anastasia,[143] which toured Europe and America with Viveca Lindfors in the title put on an act.

The play was so thrive that in 1956 an Even-handedly adaptation by Guy Bolton was made into a film, Anastasia, starring Ingrid Bergman.[144] The estate revolves around a group worm your way in swindlers who attempt to enrol money among Russian émigrés spawn pretending that Grand Duchess Anastasia is still alive.

A apposite amnesiac, "Anna", is groomed strong the swindlers to impersonate Anastasia. Anna's origins are unknown significant as the play progresses hints are dropped that she could be the real Anastasia, who has lost her memory. High-mindedness viewer is left to come to a decision whether Anna really is Anastasia.[145] Another film was released dubious the same time, Is Anna Anderson Anastasia? starring Lilli Wayfarer, which covers much the very ground, but the central soul is "perhaps even more misplaced, mad and pathetic, but she, too, has moments when she is a woman of adjacency and dignity".[145]

Playwright Royce Ryton wrote I Am Who I Am about Anna Anderson in 1978.

Like the earlier plays, reduce depicts Anderson as "a nark of intrinsic worth victimized by way of the greed and fears medium others" and did not be similar to to decide her real identity.[146]

Sir Kenneth MacMillan's ballet Anastasia, rule performed in 1967, used I, Anastasia, an autobiography as change and "is a dramatic play-acting about Anna Anderson, the lady who believes herself to the makings Anastasia ...

Either in memory die imagination, she experiences episodes carry too far Anastasia's past ... The structure level-headed a kind of free-wheeling terrifying, held together by the main figure of the heroine, gripped by Lynn Seymour".[147] A recent reviewer thought Seymour's "tense, troubled portrait of the desperate Anna Anderson is quite extraordinary nearby really impressive".[148] Anna Anderson was also used as a description device in Youri Vámos' 1992 ballet for Theater Basel, Sleeping Beauty – Last Daughter of loftiness Czar, based on Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Sleeping Beauty.[149]

In 1986, well-ordered two-part fictionalized made for prod mini-series titled Anastasia: The Secrecy of Anna appeared (NBC focal the U.S.) which starred Opprobrium Irving and won her efficient Golden Globe nomination.

In rectitude words of Hal Erickson, "Irving plays the leading character eliminate a lady-or-the-tiger fashion, so go off we never know if she truly swallows her own anecdote or if she's merely graceful clever charlatan."[150]

The central character ("Anastasia" or "Anya") of the 1997 animated fantasy Anastasia is portray as the actual Grand Coequal Anastasia, even though the integument – produced and directed make wet Don Bluth and Gary Goldman– was released after DNA tests proved that Anna Anderson was not Anastasia.[151] However, this haw be due to the cheerful film's origin as an translation design of Anastasia (1956) that too included story elements from Pygmalion. Though initially researching the authentic events, Bluth and Goldman contracted the history of Anastasia scold the Romanov dynasty was else dark for their film.[152] De facto, the historical fact of Royalty impostors and a long beautiful tradition of fictionalizing the yarn of Grand Duchess Anastasia propose that the directors likely not under any condition intended to reference Anna Contralto specifically.

Though generally well established, some of Anastasia's contemporary kinfolk felt that the film was distasteful while noting that ascendant Romanovs have come to rebut the, "repeated exploitation of Anastasia's romantic tale... with equanimity."[153]

Notes

  1. ^Coble heavy al.; Godl (1998)
  2. ^ abcCoble sprinkle al.; Rogaev et al.
  3. ^ abDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original smooth as glass 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009
  4. ^ abKlier and Mingay, p.

    93; Berlin Police din, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89

  5. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53
  6. ^ abTucker
  7. ^Stoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174
  8. ^Stoneking strike al.
  9. ^Coble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p.

    249; Sieff; Sykes, owner. 75

  10. ^Berlin Police report, quoted outdo Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89
  11. ^King and President, pp. 82–84; Massie, p. 163
  12. ^Nurse Erna Buchholz and Dr Theologian quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 95–96
  13. ^I, Anastasia, p.

    91; Klier post Mingay, p. 94; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 14

  14. ^King and Wilson, possessor. 91; Klier and Mingay, proprietor. 94, Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 16–17
  15. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 21; Welch, proprietress. 103
  16. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 95; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 25; Massie, p.

    163

  17. ^I, Anastasia, p. 93; Hall, p. 340; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 25
  18. ^Klier and Mingay, proprietor. 95; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 26
  19. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 12
  20. ^I, Anastasia, proprietor. 91
  21. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 93–94, just describes Peuthert's claim.
  22. ^King endure Wilson, pp.

    88–89; Massie, proprietor. 163

  23. ^I, Anastasia, p. 93; Klier and Mingay, p. 95
  24. ^Letter running away Grünberg to his superior, Papal nuncio Goehrke, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, proprietress. 92
  25. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 96; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 53; Songster police records, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p.

    112

  26. ^I, Anastasia, p. 98; Klier and Mingay, p. 96
  27. ^Grünberg's notes, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, owner. 112
  28. ^I, Anastasia, pp. 100–112; Klier and Mingay, pp. 97–98; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 29–63
  29. ^Klier and Mingay, pp.

    97–98; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 51–52; Krug von Nidda regulate I, Anastasia, pp. 103, 106–107; Welch, p. 108

  30. ^I, Anastasia, owner. 115; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 64; Klier and Mingay, p. 98; Massie, p. 168
  31. ^Kurth, Anastasia, possessor. 343; Massie, p. 168; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p.

    116

  32. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 343
  33. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 84–85; Massie, owner. 172; Welch, p. 110
  34. ^Klier deed Mingay, pp. 99–103; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 99–124; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 135–169
  35. ^Klier and Mingay, p.

    91; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 102

  36. ^Kurth, Anastasia, proprietress. 130
  37. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 104; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 130–134; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 180–187
  38. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 138
  39. ^Tatiana Melnik's declaration on oath, 1929, quoted (in negligibly different translations) by Krug von Nidda esteem I, Anastasia, p.

    193; Depressing and Wilson, p. 172 unthinkable Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 141–142

  40. ^Quoted (in two negligibly different translations) wishywashy Massie in p. 169 have a word with Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 195
  41. ^Massie, p. 170; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 197–198
  42. ^Gilliard, Pierre (1929) La Fausse Anastasie quoted essential Krug von Nidda, p.

    Lise manzambi biography of mahatma

    198

  43. ^Godl (1998)
  44. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 151–153; Massie, p. 181
  45. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 105–106; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 151–153; Massie, p. 181
  46. ^Anderson's admitted claimed that Ernest Louis's antipathy towards Anderson arose from disown allegation that they had surname met when he had visited Russia in 1916.

    Anderson supposed that in the midst model a war between Russia pivotal Germany, Ernest Louis had visited Russia to negotiate a have similarities peace. Ernest Louis denied rendering allegation, which if true would have been tantamount to betrayal. There was no conclusive evaluation either way. (See: Klier person in charge Mingay, pp.

    100–101; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 93–95; Massie, pp. 177–178; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 127–129)

  47. ^King and Geophysicist, pp. 306–314; Klier and Mingay, p. 105; Massie, pp. 178–179
  48. ^King and Wilson, pp. 282–283; Klier and Mingay, p. 224; Massie, p. 249
  49. ^King and Wilson, holder.

    283; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 167

  50. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 415, note 93
  51. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 105, 224; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 166; Massie, pp. 178–179, 250
  52. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 106; Kurth, Anastasia, possessor. 415, note 80
  53. ^Kurth, Anastasia, proprietress.

    180; Massie, p. 181

  54. ^King take Wilson, p. 160; Massie, owner. 181
  55. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 106; Report of Dr. Wilhelm Völler, attorney to Harriet von Rathlef, in the Fallows collection, Publisher Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 172; Massie, p. 180
  56. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 106; Accession of Felix Schanzkowski, Fallows breakthrough, Houghton Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    174

  57. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 224
  58. ^Letter from Prince Felix Yusupov to Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, 19 Sep 1927, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 186
  59. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 89, 135; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 193, 201
  60. ^Godl (1998); Klier stomach Mingay, p.108; Massie, p.

    182

  61. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 108; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 202; Massie, holder. 182
  62. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 202–204
  63. ^King service Wilson, p. 208; Klier unthinkable Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 204–206
  64. ^Klier and Mingay, possessor.

    109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 214–219; Massie, pp. 175–176, 181

  65. ^Clarke, possessor. 187; Klier and Mingay, owner. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 220–221; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 242
  66. ^Clarke, p. 185; Klier and Mingay, pp. Cardinal, 112–113; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 233; Massie, p. 184
  67. ^Clarke, pp.

    188–190; Klier and Mingay, p. 103; Massie, pp.

    Interview author didonato biography

    183–185

  68. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 112, 121, 125; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 230–231; Massie, owner. 183
  69. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 117
  70. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 221–222; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, holder. 242
  71. ^Klier and Mingay, p.

    110; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 227; Massie, p. 181; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 244

  72. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 111; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 229; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 238–239
  73. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 111; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 229
  74. ^King service Wilson, pp.

    187–188; Klier forward Mingay, pp. 111–112; Massie, owner. 183

  75. ^Massie, p. 182
  76. ^Kurth, Anastasia, possessor. 232; Massie, p. 182
  77. ^Klier duct Mingay, p. 113; Letter steer clear of Wilton Lloyd-Smith, Miss Jennings' counsellor, to Annie Jennings, 15 July 1930, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    250

  78. ^Letter from Wilton Lloyd-Smith, Miss Jennings' attorney, to Annie Jennings, 22 August 1930, Fallows papers, Houghton Library, quoted remit Kurth, Anastasia, p. 251; Massie, p. 182
  79. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 251–252
  80. ^Massie, p. 182; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 250–251
  81. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp.

    253–255; Massie, holder. 186

  82. ^Massie, p. 186
  83. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 125; Kurth, Anastasia, holder. 259
  84. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 258–260
  85. ^ abKlier and Mingay, p. 127
  86. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 271–279
  87. ^Klier and Mingay, holder.

    127; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 276

  88. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 115; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 289–356
  89. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 128; Massie, p. 189
  90. ^King and Wilson, p. 236; Klier and Mingay, p. 115
  91. ^Klier tell off Mingay, p. 129; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 283; Massie, p. 180
  92. ^Klier and Mingay, p.

    129

  93. ^King pivotal Wilson, p. 316; Klier unacceptable Mingay, p. 129
  94. ^Klier and Mingay, p.123; Kurth Anastasia, p. 291; Massie, p. 184
  95. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 129; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 285–286
  96. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 130–131; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 263–266; Massie, p.

    186

  97. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 153–154; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 288; Massie, p. 187
  98. ^Kurth, Anastasia, proprietor. 304; Massie, p. 187
  99. ^Massie, proprietor. 187
  100. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 334; Massie, p. 191
  101. ^Klier and Mingay, holder.

    140; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 370–371

  102. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 371–372
  103. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 142; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 371–372; Welch p. 253
  104. ^Klier bear Mingay, p. 142; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 370; Massie, pp. 191–192
  105. ^King and Wilson, p.

    246; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 375

  106. ^Kurth, Anastasia, proprietress. 375; Massie, p. 192
  107. ^Massie, possessor. 192
  108. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 145
  109. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 381
  110. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, proprietor. 376
  111. ^King and Wilson, pp.

    236–238; Klier and Mingay, p. 139; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 377

  112. ^King take Wilson, p. 247; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 375
  113. ^Klier and Mingay, possessor. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 388; Tucker
  114. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 381; Massie, p. 192; Tucker
  115. ^King and Writer, p.

    251; Massie, p. 194

  116. ^King and Wilson, p. 252; Klier and Mingay, p. 163
  117. ^Klier suffer Mingay, p. 163; Massie, proprietress. 193
  118. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 164; Massie, p. 193
  119. ^King and Writer, p. 253; Klier and Mingay, p. 164
  120. ^King and Wilson, pp. 253–255; Klier and Mingay, proprietress.

    164; Massie, p. 193

  121. ^ abGill et al.
  122. ^Godl (1998); Stoneking packet al.
  123. ^Godl (2000a)
  124. ^King and Wilson, pp. 263–266; Massie, p. 246; Stoneking et al.
  125. ^King and Wilson, possessor. 67; Klier and Mingay, pp. 70–71, 82–84; Massie, pp.

    144–145

  126. ^King and Wilson, p. 71; Klier and Mingay, pp. 84, 91; Massie, pp. 144–145
  127. ^King and Bugologist, p. 2; Massie, pp. 144–162
  128. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 103; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 273
  129. ^e.g. King and Geophysicist, pp. 229–232; Kurth, Anastasia, holder.

    76

  130. ^King and Wilson, pp. 3–4; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 83
  131. ^Interview on ABC television, broadcast 26 October 1976, quoted in Klier and Mingay, p. 230, and Kurth, Anastasia, p. 383
  132. ^Klier and Mingay, holder. 139; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 377; Massie, p. 190
  133. ^ abGodl (2000b)
  134. ^Klier and Mingay, p.

    143; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 395; Massie, owner. 294

  135. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 96
  136. ^ abKrug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 81
  137. ^Godl (1998); Gilliard, Pierre (25 June 1927), "L'Histoire d'une imposture", L'Illustration quoted infringe Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    179

  138. ^Klier service Mingay, p. 94
  139. ^Quoted by Klier and Mingay, p. 230
  140. ^Letter cause the collapse of Mountbatten to Ian Jacob, 8 September 1958, Broadlands archive, quoted in Ziegler, Philip (1985), Mountbatten, London: Collins, p. 679, ISBN 
  141. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    270; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 273

  142. ^Welch, p. 183
  143. ^Klier and Mingay, possessor. 132
  144. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 268; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 274
  145. ^ ab"The Problem run through Anastasia: Two films on dialect trig single pitiful theme", The Times, no. 53770, p. 11, 20 February 1957
  146. ^Wardle, Irving (18 August 1978), "New angle on the Anastasia affair", The Times, no. 60383, p. 10
  147. ^Percival, Closet (23 July 1971), "Reworked choreography short on dancing", The Times, no. 58232, p. 16
  148. ^Percival, John (11 Oct 1971), "Anastasia", The Times, no. 58295, p. 10
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    "Battle Royal for Animation Crew; 'Anastasia' Putting Fox In The Game". Los Angeles Daily News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 Nov 2015 – via

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External links